Ethical Dilemmas Associated with Corporate Bribery

Ethical Dilemmas Associated With Corporate Bribery ABSTRACT In today’s business world, bribery has become an everyday problem. Some people consider it to be a fair business tactic, others consider it to be an unethical act. This paper focuses on a particular bribery case and uses three different ethical theories, Utilitarianism, Kant, and virtue ethics to determine whether or not bribery is an ethical or unethical act. The Case A former partner of a prominent New Jersey law firm has been indicted on bribery charges in exchange for legislation and other favors intended to benefit the attorney’s land-developer clients. Eric Wisler is charged with making regular payments to Democratic, New Jersey Senator Wayne Bryant totaling $192,000 from†¦show more content†¦However, when it is studied after the scandal is revealed, it is hard to find any hedons in the case. The harm done as a direct result of the bribery, provides many dolors and very few, if any, hedons. In addition, the dolors in this case are greatly affected. Wisler faces jail time, Senator Bryant is currently serving a jail sentence due to accepting bribes, and the land-developers who were not clients of Wisler had lost business as a result of the bribery. An alternative to the situation would have been for Wisler to never offer bribes to Senator Bryant. When utilitarian calculus is performed on this situation, many more hedons emerge. Wisler would not be facing criminal charges, Senator Bryant would not be serving jail time for the bribes accepted from Wisler, and the land-developers who were not clients of Wisler would not be put at a disadvantage and would not lose business. The land-developer clients of Wisler are the only group of people who may be considered dolors if the bribery had never taken place. As a direct result of the bribery, they had legislation passed in their favor and gained business over the competition. After looking at both situations, Wisler should have chosen not to offer Senator Bryant bribes. When the utilitarian calculus was done on the current situation, where bribes were offered and they were caught, the amount of dolors far outweigh the number of hedons. However, when looking at the availableShow MoreRelatedEthical And Ethical Models Of The Asian Mining Sector1559 Words   |  7 Pagescontract, as is accustomed in many Asian countries (Han Fan, Woodbine, Scully, 2012). This particu lar situation is classified by Australian law as bribery and as such poses both a legal and ethical dilemma to the manager in charge of making this decision (Pedigo, Marshall, 2009). In order to ensure that an ethically sound outcome is produced, three ethical models can be implemented to help the manager reach a decision that is in the best interest of all those that will be affected: Utilitarian, JusticeRead MoreEssay on Business Ethics and Social Responsibility1806 Words   |  8 Pagesserve as a model for how to assess ethical dilemmas. The following obligations are moral obligations that help to assess ethical dilemmas: justice, non-injury, fidelity, veracity, reparation, beneficence, self-improvement, gratitude, liberty, and respectfulness (Audi, 2009). Once these moral obligations are engraved into someone’s mind, it is much easier for a person to make a decision based on ethical grounds. Financial reporting is an example of an ethical problem for an organization or businessRead MoreChiquita Banana Essay3057 Words   |  13 Pagescompanies also have higher moral responsibilities. The question in each ethical dilemma is, â€Å"To whom do we have a moral responsibility?† In this module, we will analyze the Chiquita Banana terrorism case and apply legal, ethical, and international perspectives, as well as analyze the managerial and public policy implications of Chiquita’s actions. Contents †¢Background - Chiquita Banana Terrorism Case †¢Legal Perspectives †¢Ethical Perspectives †¢International Perspectives †¢Managerial and PublicRead MoreWal Marts Statement Of Ethics1716 Words   |  7 Pagesany misappropriation of company funds or proprietary information (Stanwick Stanwick, 2009). Wal-Mart’s Statement of Ethics has a specific section dedicated to protecting personal and business information. In the daily business of a Wal-Mart associated they may be exposed to personal and business information about other coworkers, customers, suppliers and the company. Associates are expected to protect the information in accordance to the best practice standards and applicable laws (Wal-MartRead MoreZappos : Delivering Customer Satisfaction Essay1862 Words   |  8 PagesZappos: Delivering Customer Satisfaction Introduction The use of a corporate culture can allow companies the ability to differentiate themselves and establish a work environment that is attractive to the stakeholders particularly the employees of the company. A firm that has done a tremendous job of creating a unique workplace culture is Zappos. This report is based on answers to five major questions associated with the case study, Zappos: Delivering Happiness to Stakeholders. The case study showsRead MoreQuestions On Ethics And Governance1525 Words   |  7 PagesHolidays Pty Ltd (SPHL) had concluded, not to record sale and it’s associated costs in its of accounts the transaction with Brissie Overseas Holidays (BOH) as well as not to charged. Sam Torres and his partner Bull Fight an audit farm has been completing an audit for its old client SPHL. And, this is Sam Torres’s first year of an audit partnership. While considering the facts mentioned above, Sam Torres has been facing ethical dilemma since his performance in the audit will be reviewed as it is hisRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sox )969 Words   |  4 Pagesexplain to you some important changes in the accounting field and the legislation that brought about this change. In 2002 the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), a legislation put in place not only to improve the accuracy of corporate disclosures, but also to protect shareholders and the general public from accounting errors and fraudulent practices in all organizations. Although these organizations include corporations, small businesses, non-profit institutions, government bodiesRead MoreUnethical Behaviour by Financial Reporters in an Organization3600 Words   |  15 Pageseffective leadership in organizations in that it connotes an organization code conveying moral integrity and consistent values in service to the public. Formally defined, ethical behaviour is that which is morally accepted as good and right as opposed to bad or wrong in a particular setting. For an individual to exhibit ethical behaviour, the mechanism must have adequate provisions to ensure that there is no victimization of employees who follow this procedure. It also suggested that companiesRead MoreBusiness Ethics and International Business3026 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿QUESTION  : Business and Ethical practices/Issues in International Business and the role of Multinational enterprises (MNEs) Introduction to Business and Ethics The ethical-related issues have represented the foundation of different religions and life styles. Ethics can be found in all aspects of human activity as the individuals have been preoccupied with the quality of their behavior towards the people around. Even if they do not purposefully intend to improve their relations with the othersRead MoreThe Choices Faced By Steve Lewis1668 Words   |  7 PagesLewis, Peter Adario, and Eduord Sakiz (in Badaracco’s article) from the standpoints of the generalizability, utilitarian, and virtue ethics tests. The way Steve Lewis’ approach the situation he was force in from the standpoints of generalization was ethical. His decision not compromise his ethics speaks volume to beliefs. Hooker (2011) said that we act for reason, which he did have uncompromising reasons for his actions. He didn’t want just being a member of the team, but someone who contributes

I Am A Friend Of Mine Caused Me Essay - 1839 Words

I didn’t bother to wonder what education means to me until I was about to attend college. A friend of mine caused me to. Now I feel thankful to have him as my friend because the lesson I learned from that wondering is priceless. My story started on a Saturday afternoon as I recall. I was in tenth grade at the time. I told my mother that I was going to visit my friends. I promised to my mother that I would get all my assignments done by next week. But I lied to her. I used to work on my assignments when the deadlines were close. Fortunately, my mother believed me. I bicycled to visit one of my closest friends. His name is Phap. He is a kind and bulky guy. I, Phap and another guy named Hai are very close. When I reached his place, I stood out of the gate. I did so because I was afraid of dog and Phap raised two â€Å"unpleasant† dogs. I shouted to call him out instead of coming in. He took me in and settled down for a while before we headed our way to visit Hai. Hai lives pretty far from both of us so anytime he wants to visit us back, he rides his motorcycle that his father allows him to. I and Phap rode our own bicycle to his place. The weather was inconvenient since May was coming. We both reached his place with our shirt filled with sweat. Hai invited us into the house and set us down with a jar of iced water. We greeted each other and carried on discussing what we were expected to do. We promised the previous day that we would come and help him with his preparation for theShow MoreRelatedMy Habit Of Lips Licking And Biting900 Words   |  4 PagesThe behavior I want to eliminate in this assignment is my habit of lips licking and biting. When I heard about this assignment, I started to search for a bad habit. After a few days of observation, I found that I bite my lips a lot and also I lick my lips. Especially, while I am in a boring class or when I am in boring situations. People’s around me never told me that I lick and bite my lips, therefore I think this behavior of mine is not very recognizable. The reason why I want to eliminate thisRead MoreMy Experience With My Life871 Words   |  4 Pagesway they do. To avoid this, when I describe myself I look at many aspects of my life including roles or positions I may hold, those I associate myself with, challenges I have faced, as well as aspects of my personality. Relationships are an extremely important facet of my life, they provide me with support, as well as a safe space to explore different ideas and values. The most important relationships of my life are the ones I hold with my family. Within my family I play the multiple roles includingRead MoreMy Story A Story1064 Words   |  5 Pages My Story My full name is Isabella Beyonce Molina, and I am a part of a family of five. My mom, Alicia, my dad, Jorge, my sister, Barbara, and my brother, whose name is also Jorge, are my family members names. I love them and honestly we are all pretty close. The only problem that I can really think of is the fact that we each have our own personalities and I do have to admit, we do butt heads pretty commonly. My family, have been through just as much as any other family, with family problems, financialRead MoreMy Dad Was My Hero996 Words   |  4 Pagesthe hardest things I have ever endured. I went from being the perfect little girl that had everything she wanted and needed in life handed to her, I went from having the best dad in the world, new clothes every other weekend, money always in my pocket and not a worry in the world, to being disowned by half of my family and friends to being spoken about behind my back as if I was just trash on the side of the road, all due to one decision I mad e. My dad was my hero. When I was one-year-old, myRead MoreI Am A Multifaceted Person938 Words   |  4 PagesI am a multifaceted person, complex with many pieces that come together to make me. I defy stereotypes while also falling into them perfectly. I am a self-declared extroverted introvert; admittedly I m not sure if that is an actual thing. But the great wide interweb has concluded that it is and I am inclined to believe that it is. An extroverted introvert person is the best of both worlds we enjoy both socializing and being in group settings but also need that personal time to ourselves with noRead MorePersonal Statement On The Interior Decorating Field Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesProblem I Want to Solve For the most part, the problem I want to solve has remained the same throughout the weeks. I am eager to manage and ultimately own a business in the interior decorating field. I aim for my business to inspire others with our decor and style. I want my employees to be able to create a beautiful space with whatever they are given, and I want my clients to be so happy with the results and make their house a place they are happy to call home. This has been a dream of mine sinceRead MoreCultural Identity Reflection Paper1591 Words   |  7 PagesReflection Paper Who I am; my beliefs, values, morals, and views on diversity are shaped based upon my upbringing, the values within society, and the norms adopted by our culture. However, I can’t only thank these sources for whom I am; my own personal experiences and feelings have had a huge impact on my cultural views. My biases; I am aware of them (good), but they exist, and to some may seem bad. I want to take you on a journey inside my path to cultural identity. I think I was a pretty easy goingRead Moreessay about myself971 Words   |  4 PagesHi, I am an international student from Czech Republic and I am applying for college preparatory boarding school in USA. This is my short essay (100-200 words), topic is Tell us about yourself and why you would like to become a part of our school family. My story is similar like the story of thousand of other children: My father struggled with alcohol and drug problems which caused him to leave my mother and me, so I grew up with only my mother. Nevertheless, I realized what I want from myRead More I Have Learned to Accept My Mistakes Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesI Have Learned to Accept My Mistakes The influences that have shaped my identity are my parents, who always taught me right from wrong. Who were always there for me even though I may have disappointed them at one or more times in my life. Although, I had to quit college after only attending one semester because I got pregnant my parents were still there to guide me and support my decisions. I am a good thinker because I have grown to be honest with myself I have learned to accept my mistakes andRead MoreFriendship Essay: A Heartbreaking Friendship1337 Words   |  6 Pagesin two bodies. - Aristotle Even now as I write this paper my heart is full of sorrowed and pity. Due to the unpleasantness of this situation, I still have not recovered from the experience. I must start this story by first saying, I am not a, fan of making best friends. However, I have this friend who is like a sister to me, we do everything together. Our moms know one another, thus they make sure we attend the same school since

The movie Josie and the Pussycats Free Essays

Attention Getter: Has anyone here seen the movie Josie and the Pussycats from 2001? It’s okay if you haven’t, I don’t blame you. Relate to Audience: Behind all the superb acting and catchy music, however, lies a highly controversial and interesting topic. That would be subliminal messaging, and that’s what I’ll be talking to you about today. We will write a custom essay sample on The movie Josie and the Pussycats or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thesis: Subliminal messaging has been a controversial method of manipulation for years. Preview: I will talk about the different forms of subliminal messages, I’ll tell you about how influential they can be, and I will describe some of the most controversial examples throughout history. Transition: So let’s start by exploring the types of subliminal messages. Body I. MP1: Subliminal messages can be either audio or visual. According to Webster’s dictionary, the word â€Å"subliminal† is defined as â€Å"existing or functioning below the threshold of consciousness†. Basically, this means that your body can sense a subliminal message but it won’t be transferred into consciousness; it’s sensation without perception. Audio subliminal messages can be achieved by hiding the message at a volume too low to pick up. Other sounds are played above these messages to mask their identity. Another more famous form of audio subliminal messaging is known as â€Å"backmasking†. It often involves music that, when played backward, sends a different message than when played forward. This form of subliminal message was responsible for a wave of hysteria beginning in the 1970s as the media claimed that numerous songs hid satanic messages behind their lyrics. On the other hand, there are visual subliminal messages. These can take a couple different forms as well. An image (generally a word) can be quickly flashed and taken away before the subject can consciously perceive what it says. The image is often flashed repeatedly at this rapid pace through something like a commercial. Subliminal images can also be present as a part of other images. An example of this would be a word clearly spelled out in the clouds on an advertisement or details of a picture that suggest something else. Transition: Now that you know the basics of subliminal messaging, let’s explore how they’re used. II. MP2: MISSING An April 2010 New York Times article provides an interesting example. â€Å"New York State’s health commissioner†¦ Dr. Richard F. Daines, was recently driving down Interstate 15 in Utah, his home state, when he came across four billboards in a row that beamed a subliminal message at him, and not the one the advertisers intended. † The repetitive billboards contained phrases that subliminally suggested a healthier lifestyle rather than the consumption of the soda it advertised. As with any subliminal message, there is no telling how it will aff ect the subject. In the Handbook of Consumer Psychology from 2009, Haugtvedt et. al state, â€Å"Subliminal advertising is, at best, a very weak force. However, there is evidence that subliminally presented stimuli can influence behavior and cognition. † It just may not be the intended behavior. Transition: Now that we have seen how subliminal messages can be used, let’s examine a few famous cases. III. MP3: The most controversial cases of subliminal messaging surround the fields of politics and music. George Bush’s 2000 political campaign was under scrutiny for displaying the word â€Å"RATS† while talking about one of Al Gore’s plans. The ad said â€Å"bureaucrats†, but these four letters flashed on the screen independently, creating an uproar. It was written off as a mere coincidence by the creator of the ad, but was taken off of television nonetheless. Heavy metal music is often scrutinized as a source of violence in adolescents, but the 1990 case of young James Vance and Raymond Belknap suggested it influenced suicide as well. According to Philips and Cogan of the 2009 Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal Music, â€Å"subliminal messages in the song â€Å"Better by You, Better Than Me† [by Judas Priest] †¦ allegedly had influenced the victims’ actions† to commit suicide. The case was eventually dropped, but its impact was great. Signal Conclusion: As you have seen, subliminal messaging has been a controversial method of manipulation for years. Summary: I talked about the different forms of subliminal messaging. I also discussed how influential they can be. I followed up with some examples that have created controversy in recent years. Lasting thought: I hope you’ve enjoyed getting to know a little bit more about a topic that really interests me. You’re now free to go play all your music backwards and see what really happens†¦ Questions (15 POINTS) Does the preview adequately map out the main points covered in the speech and is it in the right format? 2 points) I think it does a decent job at mapping out the main points. The second point could use some work, she says it’s about how influential subliminal messages are, then in the paragraph quotes a psychology book that says they are â€Å"†¦ at best, a very weak force†¦ †, and in the transition she says it’s a bout how they are used. A little confusing. Also, for your class, it’s missing signposts. Does the summary adequately review the main points covered in the speech and is it in the right format? (2 points) Same as in the preview, not sure about point two. Other than that it looks good. Also, signposts again. Does the speaker include smooth transitions between all of the MPs? (2 points) Yes. Except point the transition into MP2, to me the paragraph is really about when subliminal messages gone wrong; to make that clear she could say, â€Å"Now that you know the basics of subliminal messaging, let’s explore how not to use them. † At least one MP is missing a clear MP sentence. Write a MP sentence for that section. (4 points) MP2: In advertising, subliminal messages are often a disaster. Overall, what is your assessment of the organization of this speech (be concrete in your answer). (5 points) Overall, the speech is well organized. Main point two is the only area of the speech that really needs work. Though the information in the paragraph is interesting, her point is unclear. I would switch sub-point one and two. Also, take out the second quote, as it can be easily paraphrased, and add in details of what the billboards actually say, that way it makes sense to the listener. Possibly something like this: II. MP2: In advertising, subliminal messages are often a disaster. In the Handbook of Consumer Psychology from 2009, Haugtvedt et. al stated, â€Å"Subliminal advertising is, at best, a very weak force. However, there is evidence that subliminally presented stimuli can influence behavior and cognition. † The problem with these messages is that it is difficult to tell how it will affect the subject. Sometimes subliminal messages effect the viewer in the opposite way that the advertiser intended it to. An April 2010 New York Times article describes an instance where several billboards for a soda company suggested that viewers should choose a healthier lifestyle, rather than consuming their soda. (fill in with actual content of the ad) (The advertiser intended the message to be†¦ however to some it was perceived as†¦ As shown in this example, subliminal messages are not the best choice when promoting a product. Transition: Now that we have seen how subliminal messages can be misused, let’s examine how they can be successfully used (at least to stir up controversy. ) III. MP3: The most famous cases of subliminal messaging surround the fields of politics and music. Extra Credit (3 POINTS) Explain the difference between a prelim outline, a full sentence outline, and a keyword outline. A prelim outline is the base of a full sentence outline, it has a thesis, transitions, main points, a few sub-points and a conclusion. Add more detail, more sub-points, an attention getter and a lasting thought and you have your full sentence outline. The full sentence outline should be written in complete sentences and include everything you plan to discuss in the speech. The keyword outline is what you take up with you when you give the speech. I should contain no full sentences, besides the thesis and quotes and statistics that need to be worded in a specific way. It should only include a few words per line that can help you stay on track if you get lost during your speech. How to cite The movie Josie and the Pussycats, Papers

Role of Intelligence in Formulating Strategy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Intelligence in Formulating Strategy. Answer: Introduction Nowadays, business firms face a lot of problems in order to survive in todays more competitive business scenario. They use numerous effective strategies to accomplish goals related to their businesses. Along with this, business organizations also conduct marketing research to collect all the important data and information related to the product, price, and competitors as well. Small enterprises face more problems than big or MNCs. It is because of they are new in the market. They are not aware about the marketing tactics that are essential to earn profits and accomplish competitive advantages over the competitors. Moreover, competitor analysis and customer profitability analysis are valuable to improve the productivity and profitability of the business organization. Both, competitor and customer profitability analysis play numerous significant role in the growth and success of the businesses. This research paper is useful to illustrate the methods and strategies used by the small bus inesses to set reasonable prices for their products or services. Furthermore, this research paper is also advantageous to illustrate the strategies and tactics used by the business firms in order to conduct competitor analysis and customer profitability analysis for the growth of businesses in the national and international market as well. Relevant Literature Prior Studies Being in the hospitality industry, the chosen business needs to ensure they are conducting regular competitor analysis. Current literature has found that competitor analysis is essential to the strategic management process. Scholarly researchers have found that most businesses adequately audit their internal environment, but that many lack the methodology to properly and accurately assess the external environment (Herring, 1996). Current literature regarding competitor analysis in small business has found there are a number of businesses that lack a formal process for collecting, assimilating and converting information regarding their competition into knowledge and intelligence. Competitive intelligence has been found to be an effective strategic management process. Research has found that in the past, most small businesses do not realise the benefits that can be obtained from competitive intelligence (Narayanan, Pinches, Kelm, Lander, 2000). The findings of a recent study found tha t small businesses are not concerned with gathering intelligence on competitors because of satisfaction with current intelligence (Groom David, 2001).The research found that there was managerial implications that focused on the development of competitive intelligence systems. This is something the chosen small business should consider when analysing their competitors in the future. The chosen small business uses target costing to set their prices under the impression that target pricing gives a long term view of their profit margin and the ability to cope with market changes (Ong, 1981). Current literature has recognised customer value?based pricing as superior to all other pricing strategies (Ingenbleek, 2003). The increasing endorsement of customer value?based strategies among academics and practitioners is based on a general recognition that the keys to sustained profitability lie in the essential features of customer value?based pricing (Hinterhuber, 2008). There is a large number of benefits of customer value-based pricing approaches, however a recent study has found that over eighty percent of companies continue to price their products and services on the basis of cost and competitive price levels (Hinterhuber, 2008). Literature has found that this is due to the difficulties surrounding communicating with customers and perhaps this is the reason why the c hosen small business has avoided customer value-based costing. Information on the small business Chosen small business is established in 2015 with sole trader form of business.The nature of operation is service in the food industry which is selling food and drinks. The chosen business sell combination of Malaysia, Thai, Korean, Italian, and Australian cuisine. The drinks menus are specialised with their own recipe. They are doing table service to reduce uncomfortable of customers and provide better quality of service. When it started its business, the employee was 5 people but now it increased to 9 people. The reason why we choose this business as subject of our report is the opportunity, strength and its managing style of business. We practiced primary and secondary sources to collect data. The primary sources are practiced to collect in-depth data which can not get from secondary sources. To supplement data, interview was practiced with 15 minutes long. The interview was practiced during chosen businesss break time to avoid damage from disturbing their business. Also, we visited competitors to collect data to practice further analysis. The data which is can not gathered from secondary sources are recorded with photo. The photographs are taken under agreements of the business. Furthermore, the secondary sources are practiced to collect background information and support our analysis.We gathered basic information of chosen business and other businesses through online sources such as Instagram, Face book and its online website to figure out its pricing decisions, customer profitability and competitor analysis. Journal articles are referred to support our assertions in academic purposes and get guidelines from previous researches. Competitor analysis Mostly satisfying requirements choose the top 3 competitors to compare with chosen business. The competitor must to have similar products or substitute for, and located in the same geographic area. The in-depth competitive analysis provided an understanding of how chosen businesss existing and potential customers rate the competitors (Jacobi, G 1992). Through competitive analysiswe recognize its strength, weakness, opportunity and treat. The chosen business can determine its competitive position with this information. Chosen small business Strength -Open till late -Variety options of menus -Different style of cuisine (Malaysian Thai-focused on demands of Asian food) -Location (located in heart of dormitory village) -Signature drinks menu -Using famous coffee beans -Coupons (1free coffee when you have 10 stamps) -Fully licenced -One hour free parking lots - Warm and cosy atmosphere Weakness - 2 hours break - Opening time is later than others -Advertising (no inflow from outside) Only focused on UC Students or Staffs Minimum amount for transaction -Unstable ( -Can not handle lots of individual order -Do not provide catering service -Lack of number of employee (when 1person cannot work it hard to find the other person who can substitute -Lack of information about customer Opportunity - Number of students are increasing -New dormitories are open -Increased interest in Asian food -increasing number of customers during exam and assignment period -Increasing number of international student Treat -New residences in the outside of dormitory village -New entrants -Break terms of university are almost 5 months in one year (can not secure customers) Accordingto competitor analysis we recognised that chosen small business and its competitors having similar opportunities and treats because of geographic reasons and limitation of market. However, the chosen business show that it has better opportunities to attract customer. Competitor A Competitor B Competitor C Strength -Optional coffee beans -Franchise -Biggest size -Australian cuisine -Inside and outside seats are covered -Take away focused -The size of drinks is bigger than others -Located in heart of market -Oldest cafin market -Cheapest price -Indoor and outdoor seats are available Weakness -Unable to get sunshine (cold-outdoor heaters are not available) -Only inside seats are available -Finger food only -Smallest size -Inside seats are small Opportunity -The number of students are increasing (Has possibility to secure new customers Treat -New entrants -Locational (customers are limited to UC Students) Hard to secure customer from outside of UC Customer profitability. According to McCartan-Quinn and Carson (2003), in small business, direct interaction and close approach to customer and market is one way to achieve benefit, which is the significant difference from large business. Fortunately, the chosen business was conducting research about customer profitability, which indicates that the chosen business had been noticing the importance of the interaction with customer and market. On the basis of customer profitability, they are focusing on managing and creating customer loyalty by coupon, interior design that creates a relaxed mood, differentiated menu and so on. In detail, several ways the chosen business is operating to achieve customer profitability will be mentioned. Firstly, they provide loyalty coupon that gives free coffee if a customer buys nine cups of coffee, which attract customer to visit and purchase their product. Secondly, they are trying to remember the face and preference of customer to create a friendly relationship with the reg ular customer. Thirdly, the chosen business offers a variety range of drink and meal menu to break from the unified menu that their competitors provide. Furthermore, at the same time, their differentiated menu satisfies the high interest and demand for Asian food and beverage, which is the crucial finding from the research about the customer and the market. Fourthly, creating a relaxed and friendly atmosphere is highlighted to give a positive impression. In the same sense, they play songs and offer table service. As a small business, customer profitability is achieved more easily than a large business with their flexible and decentralized business structure, which allow them to reflect the customers need and to cope with their competitors moves (Pelham, 2000). The table below shows the actual price of the chosen business and their competitors. Chosen business Competitor A Competitor B Competitor C Coffee Size Small Large Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Small Large Coffee Price range $3.5 $4.0 $3.5 $4.0 $4.5 $3.5 $4.0 $4.5 $3.5 $4.0 Extra charge(extra shot, syrup, milk) No extra charge $0.5 $0.8 $0.5 Lunch price range $12-17 $6.5-16 No food menu $7-12 Dinner price range $12-39 $12-21.9 $11-18 As the table shows, the price range of coffee is narrow than the range of the competitor A and B, which can be adrawback for the customer who wants various choice ofcoffee size. However, the actual amount of coffee is larger than the competitors product. For example, small cups of coffee from the chosen business is bigger than any other competitors small size coffee and the amount is even similar to the medium size coffee of competitor A and B. Accordingly, the coffee of the chosen business has more value for the price. Furthermore, the customers who order extra shot, syrup and milk are able to save money as the chosen business doesnt charge for the extra order. The chosen business sets their meal price ranges for lunch from $12 to $17 and for dinner from $12 to $39, which are expensive than their competitors price. However, the chosen business offers a large amount of food so that customer can share one dish with their companion. The chosen business used target pricing approach to s et price more effectively than their competitors, because the target pricing gives long term view of the gross profit margin and able to cope with dynamic changes in the market, futhermore, the business can differentiate themselves from their competitors in the long term context (Ong, 1981). To achieve target pricing, the chosen business have 2 hours break to reduce wage cost and also using pre-cookedfood so that they can reduce cooking time and serve more customer at the same time. Conclusion On the premises of the above analysis, it can be concluded that, business firms make a ot of struggles to survive in the marketplce. Small business organizations develop effective strategies to enhane the productivity and profitability of businesses. Along with this, it is observed that, small businesses use differnent stratgies to set prices to their products or services. They collect informantion relted to the competitors price strtaegies. They make use of the Internet and social media sites incuding Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkdeIn, etc. to know the views and opinions of the custmers. Moreover, it is also exmined that, business firms conduct SWOT (Strengthes, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis to perform a competitor analysis in an effectual and an appropriate manner. SWOT analysis provide all the strengthes and weaknesses of the competiotrs; and also shows the opportunities and threats exist in the marketplace. Apart from this, it is viewed that, to undertake cust omer profitability analysis, business firms make direct interaction with customers. They offers uniue products/services to the customers at lower prices and also take care about the tastes and preferences of their customers. On the whole, it can be said that, small businesses do thieir best to retain existing customers and to attract new customers for the growth of their businesses. Reference Jacobi, G 1992, Financial Tools for Competitive Analysis, Competitive intelligence Review, vol.3, no. 2, pp. 14-18. McCartan-Quinn, D. Carson, D. 2003, "Issues Which Impact upon Marketing in the Small Firm", Small Business Economics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 201-213. Ong, N. 1981, "Target Pricing, Competition, and Growth", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 101-116. Pelham, AM 2000, 'Market Orientation and Other Potential Influences on Performance in Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturing Firms', Journal Of Small Business Management, 38, 1, pp. 48-67. Groom, J.R. and David, F.R., 2001. Competitive intelligence activity among small firms.SAM Advanced Management Journal,66(1), p.12. Narayanan, V. K., Pinches, G. E., Kelm, K. M., Lander, D. M. (2000, July). The influence of voluntarily disclosed qualitative information. Strategic Management Journal, 21(7), 9-18 Herring, J. (1992, September-October). The role of intelligence in formulating strategy. Journal of Business Strategy, 13(6), 54. Hinterhuber, Andreas (2008) "Customer value?based pricing strategies: why companies resist",Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. 29 Issue: 4, pp.41-50 Ingenbleek, P.,Debruyne, M.,Frambach, R.andVerhallen, T.(2003), Successful new product pricing practices: a contingency approach,Marketing Letters, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp.289?305

Characters of a Seperate Peace Essay Example

Characters of a Seperate Peace Paper Finny are the two main characters of the book A Separate Peace by John Knowles. They are two very deferent people but manage to still be friends despite. During the course of the book, it becomes evident Genes envy for Finny. However given the nature of Gene and Fannys personalities It Is almost Impossible for Gene to not envy Finny. Gene Is an excellent academic student, but feels that he needs something more. When looking at his Myers-Briggs personality type he seems to fit into that category off JIFFS. These types of people are said to care for people and work endlessly on heir behalf. They have the need to please others and feel needed. This applies to Gene with his very co-dependent relationship with Finny. He wants to desperately to be what Finny is. And a soaring sense of freedom revealed that this must have been my purpose from the first: to become a part of Phonies. (77) I believe that Gene desperately wants to fit in and be liked and will please anyone to do so, but not without resentment being held. His desire to fit in and be something other then himself Is shown In how quickly he is willing to Join the army. Finny Is an excellent athlete, charming, and funny. We will write a custom essay sample on Characters of a Seperate Peace specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Characters of a Seperate Peace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Characters of a Seperate Peace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He can get away with Just about anything, the rules Just dont seem to apply to him. When looking at the Myers-Briggs test I would classify him as an FEND. These types of people are said to be warm and enthusiastic people, and good at almost anything they put their mind to. Finny has a certain hold over people, especially Gene. Gene begins to realize this when he thinks What was I doing up here anyway? Why did I let Finny talk me into stupid things like this? Was he getting some kind of hold over me? (9) Finny doesnt mean to be manipulative or have a hold over people he is genuine in his desire to make things more fun for others. When looking at Gene and Finny as individuals you see two very different people. You see Gene as someone who feels the desire to please people but is not satisfied with himself, and Finny as someone who Is a fantastic athlete and possesses an undeniable charm. Because of Gene and Flybys close relationship, Finny Is the person Gene decides to want to be Instead of himself. This desire ultimately translates into envy. When Gene starts to become aware of this new he justifies it by eying its a mutual rivalry. Yes, I sensed it like the sweat of relief when nausea passes away; I felt better. We were even after all, even in enmity. The deadly rivalry was on both sides after all. (54) Gene believes that because he is Jealous of Fannys athletic capabilities, that Finny must in return be Jealous of Genes academic achievements. When Finny falls off the tree due to Gene shaking it, at first Gene feels a sense of liberation as opposed to guilt, because in a way he has defeated Finny. Once Finny can no longer be a great athlete the feeling of envy is temporarily lifted. Gene and Finny start to work together as a unit, helping the other where they are weak. When Finny dies, Gene is satisfied because he will finally live on to be Finny. In a Separate Peace the human nature of envy Is looked at. Gene feels an abnormally large resentment and envy towards Finny, whereas Finny seems to initially feel no envy at all towards Gene. When Finny dies Gene is finally able to be Tree, wanly poses ten quest In my mina want IT Gene Ana never met Hon.: w he have continued to live on feeling the need to be someone other then himself, or would he have reached self acceptance through a more healthy means?

How to Become a Speech Writer

How to Become a Speech Writer How to Become a Speech Writer A speech writer is responsible for writing speeches for public either on the freelance basis or within a company holding the appropriate working position. Despite the popular opinion, not only politics use these type of services. Thus, speech writer can help at the public event, business meeting, debates, wedding, birthday, or even bar mitzvah. Speech writing requires excellent language skills, erudition, and understanding psychology. However, once you decided to obtain this profession, there are few specific tips on how to become a speech writer. Speech writing can become a challenging endeavor for both a beginner and an experienced writer. Writing a speech is a peculiar skill that differs a lot from fiction or journalism. Thus, the first task of the speech is to directly address to the target audience summoning to action or sympathy. If the audience is not touched with the words from the stage, it means that the speech is ineffective, therefore, the goal is not achieved. That is why, if you want to become a successful speech writer, you have to develop your skills in psychology, linguistic, politics, culture, and many other fields depending on the topic of your speech. Usually, writers consider typical speech-writers as people who write only for politicians. This is a false conclusion owing to the fact that speeches are required in various situations. For instance, business executives, athletes, philanthropists, PR agents also need strong speeches in order to be within the public focus as well as in the middle of attention of the employers. There are some practical recommendations on how to become a speech writer: Gain insight into the related field. A professional speech writer is a credible writer and it has to be proven. University degree in English, communications, journalism, and political science are all related to having the best writing skills which are literacy, quick typing, and ability to make writing structured and understandable. Start volunteering. In this way, an incentive writer can offer to write speeches for community groups on the free basis. Thus, it is possible to tailor writing skills and find out typical mistakes which can be revealed by other people who ordered certain speech. Get acquainted with the right people. Consequently, frequent writing will turn attention of the people who can provide career help in future and get new orders. Seek for speech writers who can provide mentorship and transcend some experience on your writing. All in all, speech writing relies on experience, and the best adviser is the practicing writer who knows all the current tendencies in public perception. Read reliable manuals, tutorials, or even researches on the topic of speech writing. There is a lot of literature about effective writing from experts in the field. Find inspiration in advertising where you have only a few words to deliver a message to the audience. Learn more about psychological linguistics, this realm contains valuable ideas to improve your writing. Try to analyze. Analyze the famous speeches on your own, providing the explanation of the success of the speech. After that, compare own analysis to the one, made by a professional. Look into history, because there are many fateful speeches that influenced our society. Nevertheless, track modern time and listen to the speeches of present world leaders on current events, be attentive to every detail. A successful speech can change the world history. However, a sincere wedding speech can change a small family history, which is a great success as well. Being a professional speech writer requires a constant education in a variety of fields, but what really matters is the talent to influence people’s minds only with words.

Evaluating Design Choice and Threats to Validity in a Essay

Evaluating Design Choice and Threats to Validity in a Quasi-Experimental Design - Essay Example The present author selected the choice of quasi experimental design with the rationale of avoiding the need to have two different sample sizes to work with because that would have been time consuming and defeated the overall time frame set for the researcher for the given academic research. With the quasi experimental design however, all that the researcher needed to do was to use a comparison group, without the need to employing the use of an experimental group: a situation that would have brought about the need for a posttest at the end of the given study (Cheng, 2009). The choice of quasi experimental design brought about two major types of validity, which were external validity and internal validity. With reference to external validity, it could be said that because quasi experimental designs deal with real-world scenarios, it is often easier to guarantee external validity because the results of the researcher are often evidently clear for public scrutiny. The absence of random sampling however inhibits the general internal validity of the quasi experimental design (Sanigorski et al., 2008). The author was therefore not in a better position to critically explain the validity that existed because the use of comparison groups defeated the idea of internal validity of the research. Sanigorski, A. M., Bell, A. C., Kremer, P. J., Cuttler, R., & Swinburn, B. A. (2008). Reducing unhealthy weight gain in children through community capacity-building: Results of a quasiexperimental intervention program, Be Active Eat Well. International Journal of Obesity, 32,

Time value of money for Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Time value of money for Starbucks - Essay Example There is some uncertainty as it relates to the repayment date. The interest rate could be higher and lower than it is currently. I would also take into consideration the risk involved in buying the bond as well as the opportunity cost involved. Starbucks is currently in financial difficulty and so there is a possibility that I may not receive the payment in a year’s time but at a later date. I would therefore require an interest rate which is higher than normal because of the additional risk involved with buying bonds in Starbucks instead of another bond or in an alternative investment. To account for the additional risk I would actually add a risk premium which would account for the uncertainty involved in investing in Starbucks. Discount Rate for Starbuck Bonds According to Brigham and Ehrhardt (2005) finding present values is known as discounting. The discount rate that would be used to calculate the amount to be paid would be dependent on the going interest rate on similar bonds. For example, if the current going interest rate is 8% and I expect it to increase to 9% in a year time then I would require a return of 9% on my investment. In this case I would need an additional 3% in order to cover the additional risk involved. Therefore the interest rate expected would increase to 12% (9% + 3%).

Law Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Law - Literature review Example These researchers intend to suggest serious steps for helping families going through divorces by executing results of their studies to legislators, authorities and the international figures.1 In a research conducted by Kaslow2013the author showed that the rising number of divorce around the world are caused by a variety of economic, cultural and social factors that are negatively affecting the marriage institution. Various cultures all over the world has started to embrace divorce among the population and providing for the rights of the women and children in the divorce. Most of the legal and economic blunt all around the world is seen to be borne by the men in payment of court fees, alimony and maintenance.2 In another research on the international family laws byBaarsma 2011 and in Stark 20133, it has been established that various countries have enacted legislations and legal procedures to help the courts in the dispensation of divorce matters. Some countries have also taken legal and social steps to help reduce the high rate of divorces in their countries. It has been suggested that governments should give consideration to the implementation of international laws on matters of personal status law together with local regulations and monitoring these laws effectively. The governments have been urged to provide information and counselling programmes on divorce and the equal rights and responsibilities of marriage. According to the Hague Convention relating to the settlement of the conflicts of law and jurisdiction as regards to divorce and separation, a divorce can only be allowed if the national laws of a country where the divorce petition is lodged allow for divorce, this has been modified by various states legislation to allow that a divorce can only be issued in the state where the marriage was celebrated. In Hodson, Blackburn &Hodson,

Candida Magnoliae Glycerol Yield

Candida Magnoliae Glycerol Yield Abstract Candida magnoliae, isolated from honey comb and Candida glycerinogenes, isolated from natural environment were compared for their potential to produce glycerol from glucose. The highest yield of glycerol was 55% for C. magnoliae and 64.5% for C. glycerinogenes. C. glycerinogenes yields 9% of higher concentration of glycerol than C. magnoliae. For C. magnoliae the optimum conditions were a temperature of 30 °C and a pH of 5. The optimum conditions for C. glycerinogenes were a temperature of 32 °C  and a pH of about 5. The required medium composition for glycerol production was 160 g/L of glucose, 3 g/L of yeast extract, 5 g/L of peptone for C. magnoliae and 230 g/L of glucose, 5 ml/L of corn step liquor, 5-6 g/L of phosphate for C. glycerinogenes. Introduction Glycerol, a simple alcohol which contains three hydroxyl group. Glycerol is also known as glycerine or 1,2,3-Propanetriol. Glycerol has many uses in pharmaceutical, food, paint, cosmetic industries. Glycerol can be used additional fuel in boilers due to its high calorific value. The physiochemical properties and chemical composition of glycerol varies from other fuels. Glycerol is a odourless, colourless, viscous liquid with sweet taste. Glycerol contains three hydrophilic hydroxyl groups which is responsible for its solubility in water. Glycerol has a melting point of 17.9 oC and boiling point of 290 oC. Molecular formula of glycerol is CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH. Glycerol can be transformed to various value added chemicals such as dihydroxyacetone, succinic acid, citric acid, ethanol, hydrogen etc., Until now the fermentative metabolism of glycerol was being reported in species of bacteria like Citrobacter sp, Enterobacter sp, Lactobacillus sp, Propionibacterium sp, Clostridium and many fungi species. Glycerol has become an abundant carbon source and inexpensive. Glycerol is also produced by yeast fermentation process. Glycerol is obtained as a byproduct during the fermentation of sugar to ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Increased glycerol production from monosaccharides can be obtained using yeast fermentation. The production of glycerol in the laboratory is possible by yeast Candida magnoliae and osmotolerant yeast Candida glycerinogenes. Using genetic information, there are new possibilities in the field of fermentation and metabolic engineering. The Overexpression or blocking of genes could potentially can increase yield or productivity. Triose phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in glycolytic pathway that directs dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. When this triose phosphate isomerase gene was deleted, the mutant is able to achieve higher yield of glycerol. Overexpression of GPD1 gene in yeast increases glycerol production simultaneously increases the accumulation of byproducts such as succinate, acetate, pyruvate etc., This work briefs about the comparison of glycerol production in Candida magnoliae and Candida glycerinogenes. For the design of fermentation process, culture media optimization is an essential step. Many parameters such as phosphate, sulfate, temperature and pH have been found to affect the productivity of glycerol by these microorganisms. Hence these were optimized in prior to other parameters. Materials and Methods Organisms and Media All fermentation procedures were carried out with both C. magnoliae and C. glycerinogenes. C. magnoliae cells were propagated in medium containing 3 g/L of yeast extract, 160 g/L of glucose, 3 g/L of malt extract, 5 g/L of peptone. C. glycerinogenes cells were propagated in medium containing 150 g/L of glucose, 2 g/L of urea and 7 ml/L of corn steep liquor. YEP medium is required to grow C. glycerinogenes and YM medium is required to grow C. magnoliae. The cells were grown until the density reaches 0.2 OD. Fermentation process Fermentations were carried out in 250 ml shake flasks with a working volume of 50 ml. To the working medium 5% (v/v) of C. glycerinogenes and C. magnoliae were inoculated in different flasks. Flask for C. glycerinogenes was incubated at 31 oC and flask for C. magnoliae was incubated at 30 oC for 48 hours. Magnetically stirred 3-l fermentor was used for fermentation with working volume of 1-l. The medium was agitated at 500 rpm and aerated at 2.0 l/min. Analytical methods Glucose concentration was determined using glucose analyzer and glycerol concentration was monitored and confirmed with HPLC using an Aminex HPX 87H column with differential refractive index detector. Other compounds like ethanol, organic acid were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results Candida magnoliae was isolated from honey comb. C. magnoliae can utilize glucose as a carbon source for growth. It strongly ferments glucose to glycerol. This yeast is able to grow in YM medium containing glucose, yeast extract, malt extract and peptone. C. glycerinogenes was isolated from natural environment of high osmotic pressure. Glucose can be used as carbon source by this organism for glycerol production. Optimization Effect of Glucose concentration on glycerol production The effect of different concentration of glucose and glycerol production by C. magnoliae and C. glycerinogenes was determined in 250 ml flask containing 50 ml of medium. For C. magnoliae, concentration of glycerol yield increases when the concentration of glucose was increased from 100 g/l to 200 g/l and for C. glycerinogenes, concentration of glycerol increases when the concentration of glucose ranges between 150 g/L to 250 g/L . Further increase in the concentration of glucose causes a remarkable decrease in the yield. The optimum concentration of glucose for the growth using C. magnoliae was found to be 160 g/L and for C. glycerinogenes, glucose concentration was found to be 230 g/L. Table 1 Effect of different concentration of sulfate on glycerol productivity Glucose (g/L) Glycerol for C. magnoliae (g/L) Glycerol for C. glycerinogenes (g/L) 0 40.9 99.8 100 45.3 104.1 130 49.1 110.3 160 52.6 116.7 190 45.0 120.9 210 41.2 123.2 240 38.5 117.4 270 34.6 106.8 Fig. 1 Effect of initial concentration of glucose in the medium on the production of glycerol by C.magnoliae and C. glycerinogenes based on the amount of glucose consumed. Effect of Phosphate concentration on glycerol production It was found that phosphate is also an important factor in determining the glycerol productivity. A concentration of phosphate between 0 and 2 g/l increases the glycerol yield. Beyond 2 g/l of phosphate the yield of glycerol decreases gradually for C. magnoliae simultaneously the glycerol concentration for C. glycerinogenes decreases beyond 6 g/l of phosphate. Table 2 Effect of different concentration of phosphate on glycerol productivity Phosphate (g/L) Glycerol for C. magnoliae (g/L) Glycerol for C. glycerinogenes (g/L) 0 45.8 76.2 2 46.2 84.1 4 43.8 119.6 6 39.5 123.3 8 37.9 81.3 10 30.3 47.2 Fig. 2 Effect of initial concentration of phosphate on the production of glycerol in the medium by C.magnoliae and C. glycerinogenes based on the amount of consumed glucose. Effect of Temperature on glycerol production Using shake-flask culture, the optimum temperature was determined for glycerol production. The concentration of glycerol varies with temperature from 26 oC to 34 oC. The yield of glycerol increases till 30 oC for C.magnoliae and beyond this temperature the yield decreases. Similarly for C.glycerinogenes concentration of glycerol decreases beyond 32 oC. Table 3 Effect of temperature on glycerol productivity Temperature (oC) Glycerol for C. magnoliae (g/L) Glycerol for C. glycerinogenes (g/L) 26 68.6 79.6 28 73.2 101.1 30 77.3 114.2 32 74.1 130.4 34 70.5 125.7 Fig. 3 The temperature significantly affected the production of glycerol by à ¢-  C.magnoliae and à ¢-   C.glycerinogenes based on the amount of glucose consumed. Effect of pH on glycerol production Batch experiments were done to determine the effect of pH on glycerol production from C.magnoliae and C.glycerinogenes. At acidic pH the yield was found to be low. Between the pH 4 and 6, the production of glycerol was not significantly affected. At pH 5 there was a significant increase in the growth rate and glycerol production. Finally the optimum pH was found to be 5 for both the organisms. Table 4 Effect of pH on glycerol productivity pH Glycerol for C. magnoliae (g/L) Glycerol for C. glycerinogenes (g/L) 3.0 113.4 3.5 4.0 60.3 120.2 4.5 75.9 5.0 80.1 134.7 5.5 76.0 6.0 66.2 127.1 6.5 7.0 103.5 Fig. 4 Effect of initial pH of medium on production of glycerol by à ¢-  C. magnoliae and à ¢-   C. glycerinogenes based on the amount of glucose consumed. Discussion Glycerol yield by microbial fermentation of glucose using S. cerevisiae is less than 50%(w/w). But newly discovered C. magnoliae and osmotolerent yeast C. glycerinogenes produced glycerol in higher concentration compared with S. cerevisiae. 64.5% of glycerol obtained from C. glycerinogenes and C. magnoliae yields 55% of glycerol after recovery. Therefore C. glycerinogenes gives 9% more yield when compared to C. magnoliae. Increase in glycerol by C. glycerinogenes is due to overexpression of GPD1 gene. Also glycerol concentration increases in C. magnoliae when GPD1 gene overexpressed. But it also accumulated higher amount of byproducts such as acetate, succinate, pyruvate and acetoin. Many parameters such as temperature, pH, phosphate and glucose were found to affect the glycerol productivity by C. magnoliae and C. glycerinogenes. The optimum concentration of glucose for C. magnoliae was found to be 160 g/L and for C. glycerinogenes it was found to be 230 g/L, beyond these concentration range the yield of glycerol decreases. 2 g/L of phosphate was estimated as optimum concentration for glycerol production by C. magnoliae and similarly for C. glycerinogenes, maximum glycerol was obtained at 6 g/L of phosphate. 28 oC – 32 oC of temperature favors the good growth of cells and better glycerol production. Thus the optimum temperatures was declared to be 30 oC for C. magnoliae and 32 oC for C. glycerinogenes. Finding different species other than S. cerevisiae will give new knowledge, beyond physiological effect of glycerol production.

Terrorism Essay -- essays research papers

Terrorism is the unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in the furtherance of political or social objectives". This definition includes three elements: (1) Terrorist activities are illegal and involve the use of force. (2) The actions are intended to intimidate or coerce. (3) The actions are committed in support of political or social objectives. The main topic here is Terrorism and Foreign Policy. The two terms that are going to be discussed is how the war against terrorism is expanding and how American President George W. Bush misnamed his National Security Strategy. In his State of the Union address, President Bush threatened to expand the war on terrorism to countries that are developing weapons of mass destruction and nations that are â€Å"timid in the face of terror.† The president singled out three nations, North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as the â€Å"axis of evil† and that he might take military action to pre-empt the threat from their weapons of mass destruction. Although such rhetoric may simply be sabre rattling to intimidate those nations, the possibility of an expansion of the war is a real and dangerous possibility. But those three countries hardly constitute an organized alliance against the United States, as did the much more dangerous collaboration among Japan, Germany, and Italy during World War II. In fact, Iran and Iraq hate each other. And despite North Korea’s continued harbouring of a few members of the Japanese Red Army, North Korea has not actively sponsored terrorist attacks in many years. Although North Korea, Iran, and Iraq are developing (or have acquired) weapons of mass destruction, so are many other nations. According to the Pentagon, 12 countries have nuclear weapons programs, 13 nations have biological weapons, 16 countries have chemical weapons and 28 nations have ballistic missiles. Is the president prepared to attack all of those nations? What if North Korea, Iran, or Iraq has already sent intelligence opera tives or terrorists to the United States with weapons of mass destruction to lie in wait in case a strike is needed in retaliation for a U.S. attempt at regime change? Iran or Iraq might do the same to Israel. The fact is that the United States must live with an increasing number of nations that have acquired weapons of mass des... ...tegy promulgated by President Bush in September 2002 does just the opposite. It prescribes a global security strategy based on the false belief that the best and only way to achieve U.S. security is by forcibly creating a better and safer world in America's image. A better approach would be a less interventionist foreign policy. It is too late to stop al Qaeda from targeting America and Americans. The United States must do everything in its power to dismantle the al Qaeda terrorist network worldwide, but the United States must also avoid needlessly making new terrorist enemies or fuelling the flames of virulent anti-American hatred. In the 21st century, the less the United States meddles in the affairs of other countries, the less likely the prospect that America and Americans will be targets for terrorism. In sum, an apparent widening of the current war designed to enhance U.S security could have the opposite effect. http://www.workersparty.org/expanding-war-against-terrorism.html http://www.asiasource.org/asip/bello.cfm http://www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/01/29/bush.speech.txt/index.html http://www.afa.org/magazine/oct1999/1099edit.asp http://www.dsausa.org/news/director.html

Animal Farm As Animal Satire

This study aims to determine that George Orwell s Animal Farm is a political satire which was written to criticise totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalin s practices in Russia. In order to provide background information that would reveal causes led Orwell to write Animal Farm, Chapter one is devoted to a brief summary of the progress of author s life and significant events that had impact on his political convictions. Chapter one also presents background information about Animal Farm. Chapter two is devoted to satire. In this chapter, definition of satire is presented and some important characteristics of satire are discussed. In chapter three, the method of this research is described. Under the light of information presented in the previous chapters, Chapter four discusses Animal Farm and focuses on the book as a political satire. The last chapter presents the conclusion of this study. I would first like to express my sincere thanks to my thesis supervisor, Assoc.Prof. Dr. Jashua M. Bear for his help and freedom he gave me in this study. Without his understanding this thesis would never have been completed. I also wish to thank my sister Fidan Korkut for her suggestions in the planning stage of this study and her endurance during my long study days at home. My special thanks go to +zg r Ceylan, who constantly granted me her moral support. She was always there when I needed her. Presentation This chapter introduces general information about George Orwell s life. It includes chronological progress of his life and his political convictions. Furthermore, important events, such as The Russian Revolution and The Spanish Civil War which had significant influence on his commitment to write Animal Farm will be discussed. Lastly, general information about Animal Farm will be given. His Life The British author George Orwell, pen name of Eric Arthur Blair, was born in Motihari, India, June 25, 1903. His father was an important British civil servant in India, which was then part of the British Empire. A few years after Eric was born, he retired on a low pension and moved back to England. Though their income was not much enough, the Blair family sent their son away to boarding school which was an exclusive preparatory school, to prepare him for Eton Collage. Eric then won a scholarship to Eton Collage. During his education from the age of eight to eighteen, as he wrote in his essay about his school experiences titled â€Å"Such, Such Were the Joys,† he experienced many things about the â€Å"world where the prime necessities were money, titled relatives, athleticism, tailor-made clothes†, inequality, oppression and class distinctions in the schools of England (In Ball,1984). After the education at Eton College in England, Eric joined the Indian Imperial Police in British-Ruled Burma in 1922. There he witnessed oppression again, but this time he was looking at things from the top. Having served five years in Burma, he resigned in 1927 and turned back to Europe and lived in Paris for more than a year. Though he wrote novels and short stories he found nobody to get them published. He worked as a tutor and even as a dishwasher in Paris. During his poor days in Paris, he once more experienced the problems of the oppressed, the helpless and lower class people. In 1933, After having many experiences about the life at the bottom of society, he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London and published it under his pen name â€Å"George Orwell.† After a year in 1934 he published his novel Burmese Days, which he reflected his experiences there. Then, he published A Clergyman s Daughter in 1935, and Keep the Aspidistra Flying in 1936. In 1936, his publisher wanted Orwell to go to the English coal-mining country and write about it which was another important experience in his life. He wrote The Road to Wigan Pier to reflect what he saw there, the real poverty of people of the Lancashire Town of Wigan, and published it in 1937 (Ball, 1984). 1937 was the year that Orwell who for some time had been describing himself as â€Å"pro-socialist† (BALL, 1984) joined the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War. When the Communists attempted to eliminate their allies on the far left, he fought against them and was wounded in the fighting, later was forced to flee for his life. His experience in this war was to have the most significant impact on his political thoughts and his later works. In 1938, Orwell wrote Homage to Catalonia, which recounts his experiences fighting for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. One of his best-known books reflecting his lifelong distrust of dictatorial government, whether of the left or right, Animal Farm, a modern beast-fable attacking Russian Revolution, Stalinism and totalitarianism, was published in 1945, and Nineteen Eighty-Four, a dystopian novel setting forth his fears of an intrusively bureaucratised state of the future was published in 1949. His first fame was brought by these two novels and they were the only ones which made a profit for him as a writer (Ball,1984). Orwell died at the early age of forty-seven of a neglected lung ailment in London, Jan. 21, 1950. His Time: Political Background In his essay â€Å"Why I Write†, Orwell (1947) says: I do not think one can assess a writer s motives without knowing something of his early development. His subject matter will be determined by the age he lives in at least this is true in tumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own Taking Orwell s his own words into consideration, in order to get a better understanding of his works and particularly of his political satire Animal Farm, we should look at his political convictions, and the historical context which influenced Orwell and inspired him to write. Very few authors develop essays explaining the motivation behind their writing. Orwell was of one them. Therefore in order to understand his motivations, his essay â€Å"Why I Write† would be the most appropriate source to be looked at. Orwell was a political writer and according to him he was forced to be a writer by the circumstances under which he has become aware of his political loyalties. His Burma and Paris days increased his natural hatred of authority and made him aware of the existence of the working classes.(Orwell, 1947) As mentioned above, he described himself as â€Å"pro-Socialist.† What he was longing for was a society in which there would be no class distinctions, and he named his ideal ideology â€Å"democratic socialism†. He says â€Å"every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism † (Orwell, 1947) There are two significant events that have great influence on Orwell s political thoughts: The Russian revolution that took place in the second decade of 20th century and The Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. The Russian Revolution Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917 was the first great revolution which aimed at to overthrow the owners of the means of production, that is Capitalist Bourgeoisie, and to establish a state to be ruled by the working class, the Proletariat. Ideological basis of the revolution was taken from the philosophy of Karl Marx and Frederick Angels who believed that the history of the world was the history of a struggle between classes- between ruling classes and ruled classes (Han erlio lu, 1976). Marx was very critical of industrial capitalist society in which there are many cruel injustices and men are exploited by men. Out of his analysis of Capitalist system, he attained a vision of ending these injustices and establishing a society in which there would be no social classes and everybody would be equal. To him, in order to achieve this end the only way was a revolution made by the working class or the Proletariat against the Bourgeoisie. After revolution working classes would own the means of production. Marx called the new order that would be set after revolution â€Å"dictatorship of the Proletariat† which eventually replaced with a classless society (Han erlio lu, 1976). In October 1917, V.I. Lenin, led the socialist (Bolshevik) revolution in Russia. After the revolution was a four-year bloody civil war. During this war Red Army of the revolution organised and headed by Leon Trotsky had to fight against both Russians who were loyal to Czar and foreign troops (The Academic American Encyclopaedia, 1995). After Lenin died in 1924, a struggle between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky started for the leadership of the Communist Party. Stalin gained priority over Trotsky and; in 1925 Trotsky with several other members ousted from Politburo (the chief executive and political committee of the Communist Party); in 1927 Trotsky and his followers expelled from Party; Stalin took the control. Later Trotsky was exiled and in 1929 he was deported. In 1940 he was assassinated. During this period, Stalin always denounced Trotsky as a traitor (Ball, 1929). In the following years, Russia witnessed that Stalin started to take all power only in his hands. In 1930 s, many people were arrested. After public trials most of the opposing elements were eliminated. Stalin has been accused of being a very cruel dictator. However, Nikita Khrushchev, who ruled USSR between 1958-1964 and who was very critical of Stalin s crimes and non-human practices said in 1956 that: Stalin believed that all his practices was necessary in order to defend the benefits of labourers. He looked at these practices from the view point of the benefit of socialism and labourers. Thus, we cannot define his practices as of a giddy cruel despot. Here, it is the all tragedy (Han erlio lu, 1979). The Spanish Civil War In 1936, General Francisco Franco led a military coup in Spain, plunging the country into civil war. Franklin Rosemont in his article â€Å"Spanish revolution of 1936†³ defines the beginning of the revolution as follows: When Franco s fascist troops invaded Spain in July 1936 with the purpose of overthrowing the young and unstable Republic, the Spanish working class responded by making a revolution that went much further toward realising the classless and stateless ideal of proletarian socialism than any preceding popular revolt. Spontaneously and almost overnight, workers seized factories and other workplaces; land was collectivised; workers militias were formed throughout the country; the church age-old enemy of all working-class radicalism and indeed, openly profascist was dismantled, and its property confiscated; established political institutions disintegrated or were taken over by workers committees (Rosemont, 1988). Yet, between 1936 and 1939 the military rising originating in Morocco, headed by General Francisco Franco, spreads rapidly all over the country, After a number of bloody battles in which fortunes changed from one side to the other. Finally, Nationalist forces occupied the capital, Madrid, on March 28, 1939, and on April 1, General Franco officially ended the war (The Academic American Encyclopaedia). Orwell And The Spanish Civil War David Ball (1984) points out three experiences in the Spanish Civil War that were important for Orwell: atmosphere of Comradeship and respect, what happened to his fellow fighters and what happened when he returned to England and reported what he had seen. After spending very poor days in Paris, Orwell went to Spain to fight for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. When he arrived Barcelona, he found an elating â€Å"atmosphere of Comradeship and respect†. People were friendly and addressing each other â€Å"comrade†. To Orwell, relations in the militia group he joined were the same and this made him feel that socialism was in action there. But later on, he was disappointed by what happened to his arm friends who were imprisoned and killed by their own â€Å"comrades† who were of Communist-dominated elements of the Republican government that they were fighting for. Communists believed that the communist ideas were betrayed by the militia group that Orwell belonged to. After he was wounded Orwell went back to England for remedy and was saved from being killed by his â€Å"comrades†. When he returned England he reported what he witnessed in the war, but Socialists strongly resisted to understand what he told about the practices of communists in Spain. The reason was that it was not the right time to publicise all these things while the war was going on and this information would harm Republican s position in the war. After this bad experience, he started to be more critical of British socialists and of communism. He wrote in his article â€Å"The Spanish war and other events in 1936-37 turned the scale and thereafter I knew where I stood.† (Orwell, 1947)

Carver essays

Carver essays George Washington Carver was an African American who contributed to the society by revolutionizing southern agriculture. He did this with the introduction of soybean, sweet potato and peanut production to replenish nitrogen in the soil. This nitrogen was largely depleted by cotton growth. Carver also developed industrial applications from agricultural based products, some of the applications were rubber substitutes, dyes and pigments. These were all developed from several different plants. However, his technical contribution did not stop with the development of dyes and pigments. He further went on to develop products such as bleach, cheese, flour, ink, paper and shampoo. The products listed only represent a small percentage of Mr. Carvers contribution. George Washington Carver was awarded the Spingarn medal for his remarkable service in the field of agriculture. Mr. Carver was born during the Civil War year. The exact birth date of Carver is not known but the year is said to be 1864. Carver was born in Missouri to a slave woman. His father died in an accident and his mother was kidnapped, so he was left to be raised by his white owners Moses and Susan Carver. In his late 20s, Carver attended Simpson College in Iowa, then he later transferred to Iowa State Agricultural College. During his stay there he received a master of science degree and a B.S degree in agricultural science. It was in his early 30s that George Washington Carver became the director of Tuskegee Institutes New Department of Agriculture in Alabama. Cotton was a very important crop to the south back in the 1890s, but the crop was also responsible for the depletion of the soil. It was Carver who solved this problem by developing the peanut, potato and soybean. ...

10 New Years Resolutions for Career Success in 2017

10 New Years Resolutions for Career Success in 2017 It’s hard to believe, but 2017 is right around the corner. This can be a great time to take stock and press the reset button, making positive resolutions for the future. These are often focused on personal improvement goals or hobbies, but could just as easily be a chance to buckle down, focus, and advance your career. This year, consider tailoring your resolutions to maximize career success, making sure to choose realistic goals that you can meet in any given year, rather than having the same goals end up on your resolutions list year in and year out without anything coming of it.Here are 10 of the best New Year’s resolutions for career advancement and success.1. Get PromotedSit down and take yourself through an evaluation of your career. What’s working well? What areas need attention? Then come up with a game plan for what your next step should be- be that a raise or a promotion. Figure out what you’d have to do to make either of those things happen, the n set about doing just that. You can’t always control the outcome, but you can control putting yourself in the best possible position.2. Acquire a SkillIt’s never too late to learn something new- and it’s always a great way to beef up your resume. Pick something that will fill a gap in your hiring profile, or that will really help you move to the next stage. Above all, pick something that interests you so you’ll be sure to follow through.3.  Become an Industry ExpertMake a resolution to keep a better eye on industry news and trends. Read blogs or newsletters or news sites that are relevant to your career and do it daily. With your morning coffee, perhaps. Being informed is an asset, and you’ll be surprised at how knowledgeable you become- and how valuable you’ll make yourself.4. Organize Your LifeBeing more organized is always an ongoing project. But this year pick one or a few things that you can be more proactive about. Separate your per sonal and professional social media spheres. Clean out your email inbox and come up with a system to keep it clean, starting fresh every day at 0 unread messages. Tidy your desk. Make a to-do list. Figure out a way to keep yourself efficient and productive all year long.5. SchmoozeWe could all always be doing more networking. Take your connection-making goals off the back burner and start building your network. Get active online, on LinkedIn and Facebook and Twitter, attend more industry events, ask a contact out for an informational coffee. Try doing at least one networking thing a month, then build to two or even one a week.6. Get HealthyYou’ll be surprised at how much difference a little extra sleep and some healthy eating can make. Cut back on alcohol or sugar. Exercise more. Quit smoking. You’ll live longer, have more energy, and find yourself much more motivated overall to reach your other goals.7. Learn How to Take CriticismHow we handle criticism is important. Train yourself to seek out constructive criticism and to be less defensive when hearing what you could be doing better. Feedback like this can be a great way to locate places where you ought to focus more. Free career advice!8. Quit If You Have ToIf your job is a dead-end, or you know you should have left long ago, consider making this the year you take the leap. Make sure you have a safety net and plan in place, but make turning your career around a priority.  9. Say Yes to What Scares YouIf someone offers you an opportunity or a challenge, take it. Don’t just demure because it would require more work or energy or is a bit risky. Leap at the big chances and see how far you can run.10. Find BalanceWork-life balance is a term so often thrown around these days. Take a minute to see where your particular balance falls out of whack, and figure out a solid plan on how to correct that imbalance. Remember, when you’re healthy and happy, you’ll work harder and achieve more.

Good Management in the Public Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Good Management in the Public Sector - Essay Example To achieve this, all barriers to good management in the public sector should be identified and done away with. After the barriers have been eliminated, the officials serving in the public sector should find ways through which they can improve the quality of both management and work life so that the public can enjoy the services available (13). One of the barriers that come in the way of good management in the public sector is too much red tape. Excessive bureaucratic tendencies have been known to bring whole organizations down to their feet. When compared to the private sector, there is a big difference in the way matters are handled in the public sector, where there are too many people who must approve of something before it goes through (Denhardt and Denhardt 35). This kind of rigid conformity to excessive regulation not only impacts negatively on management roles, it also hinders timely and relevant delivery or services to the general public. Bureaucratic tendencies are also a recipe for uncontrolled misuse of power by managers in different levels of the public sector (37). In this situation, it becomes hard for the officials on the ground to offer quality services to the people that the government is supposed to serve with diligence. Another common barrier to good management practices in the public sector is corruption. Corruption in government offices comes in many forms and can include irregular financial dealings and power corruption. Due to the lack of clear policies which can act as professional guidelines for managers and employees in government agencies, there is a lot of room for misappropriation or resources, including funds (Cohen, Eimicke and Heikkila 23). Managing such a work environment becomes tricky especially when it is considered that people are normally unwilling to fight against such practices. When finances are mismanaged, or when an individual uses his influence in

Electronic Communication in the Workplace Assignment

Electronic Communication in the Workplace - Assignment Example An unfortunate incident in the corporate sector is that of Royal and SunAlliance Insurance Company. The organization sacked and disciplined employees involved in the distribution and emailing of pornographic content. The time allocated to the viewing and distribution of the illegal content at the workplace is a clear indication of misappropriation of resources in the company. The unanticipated fall in employee count disorganized the structure of the organization. Consequently, the output of the organization decreased. The company ought to address the misconduct of email at work through employment policies. It is necessary for each staff to go through these policies and agreeing to them by signing the document if it is in hard copy. Installation of email filtering software is vital for monitoring the employees and in punishing the offenders of the employment policies. In addition to that, the employer is responsible for addressing the issue in regular meetings by insisting a high level of formality in the use emails both externally and internally. Implementation of the mentioned guidelines at the workplace is a holistic approach to the elimination of unproductiveness at the workplace while promoting ethics in the business. The purpose of writing is to announce the implementation of guidelines for the use of the company’s email as a tool of communication within the workplace. The decision resulted from recently revealed statistics on the abuse of the resource in the company. The use of employment policies as a guideline is vital in mitigating the email misuse. Employment policies of the company have undergone revision. The inclusion of Internet and email use as a section in the policies is a necessary move in the implementation and enforcement of the rear mentioned guideline. Attached is a revised copy of the employment policies. Take time to go through each policy related to the use of Internet and email.  

Psychotherapy and Substance Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Psychotherapy and Substance Abuse - Essay Example Substance abuse, including tobacco use and nicotine addiction, is associated with a wide range of serious health and social problems. Recent epidemiological evidence demonstrates that 72 conditions requiring inpatient treatment are wholly or partially attributable to substance abuse. Consequently, the estimated annual cost for health care, law enforcement, motor vehicle crashes, crime, and lost productivity due to substance abuse is nearly 1 thousand dollars for every American citizen, including children (Austin, 2005). Such disturbing situation with substance abuse can not but appeal for immediate and effective actions from the government and local authorities. Although the problem of substance abuse is not new, the search for the most effective methods of coping with it is far from being over. Many different prevention and treatment options have been proposed up to date, but none of them can be addressed as the most universal or the most effective. Partially this is due to the fact that substance abuse is a condition with extremely complex and often controversial etiology; partially due to lack of serious scientific research exploring specific mechanisms of recovery. The increasing use of psychotherapeutic interventions in both prevention and treatment of substance abuse suggests that modern researchers and practitioners are taking efforts to finally close this gap. This paper will provide an overview of the most widely used psychotherapeutic interventions in treatment of substance abuse, and provide a detailed insight into the psychological foundations underlying one of the most popular therapies, namely the 12-step model. Main Discussion The official definition of substance abuse proposed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) identifies several distinct symptoms/patterns associated with this condition. APA defines substance abuse as a "maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: 1. Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions or expulsions from school; neglect of children or household); 2. Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g., driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use); 3. Recurrent substance-related legal problems (e.g., arrests for substance-related disorderly conduct; 4. Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (e.g., arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication, physical fights) (DSM-IV, 2000). Apparently, the core characteristic of substance abuse is continued use of alcohol, tobacco, non-medically prescribed medications, drug or chemicals, which commonly leads to recurring socially negative consequences. Substance abuse is believed to be the major predictor of more severe conditions, namely substance addiction or dependence (Onken & Blaine, 1990). However, one should distinguish between them: abuse and dependence differ from addiction that involves a compulsion to continue using the substance

Music and Tourism in Scotland Essay Example for Free

Music and Tourism in Scotland Essay Scottish Tourism bloomed in the 1990s due to major cultural changes in society. Scotland began to create a new identity through the use of media that promoted the social and cultural attributes of the country. Scotland’s home-grown artists were used as a voice at the forefront of the promotion of Scotland’s culture and heritage to world tourism. My essay will consider a range of issues surrounding the relationship between Scottish tourism and the development of Scottish music during the 1990s. It will consider the artists and songs that played a key role in the development of Scotland’s national identity through outlining particular advertising campaigns used to promote for Scottish tourism. My essay will also discuss the future plans for Scottish Tourism and how music will be part of them. Scottish Music and Scottish Tourism Tourism contributes an enormous part of the economy in Scotland – boasting a visitor spend of approximately  £4b per year. As a tourist destination, Scotland boasts idyllic opportunities for its visitors such as the hillwalking the Munro Mountains, fishing the River Tay, immersing in the history of Edinburgh or Stirling and admiring the cultural diversities of Glasgow. These opportunities are realised and exploited by Government body: Creative Scotland, which was set up in 1993 and is dedicated to supporting the promotion of culture in Scotland on both national and international levels. Creative Scotland support the current Scottish Governments Corporate Plan, which promises: ‘To focus Government and public services on creating a more successful country, with opportunities for all of Scotland to flourish, through increasing sustainable economic growth.’ Scotland has developed an exceedingly strong worldwide reputation for its diverse culture and is continuing to do so by championing music and the arts through large scale events and festivals such as Celtic Connections, a relatively new festival of traditional Scottish music which is exclusively held across a number of high-profile venues in Glasgow including the flagship Glasgow Royal Concert Hall which was opened as part of the cultural renaissance of Glasgow in 1990 with Glasgow becoming a European City of Culture in 1990. The formation of this festival alone has increased global interest from its multiple televised broadcasts on BBC and HD and a promotional tour to Chicago in 2012 during the Ryder Cup at the nearby Merdinah Country Club. Another notable festival is T in the Park which is sponsored by Scottish Brewery; Tennents. Established in Glasgow in 1993, the festival will celebrate its 20th anniversary in 2013 and showcases international artists with a focus on new and established Scottish acts such as Scottish Band; Travis, who gained international recognition through performing at the festival from 1994 as an unsigned band and subsequently becoming a headlining act of the festival in 2000. The festival moved to Perthshire in 1997 and politicians in the area were united to promote ‘A Soundtrack for Scotland’s Tourism’, linking traditional music and tourism and diversifying the tourist industry. The festival attracts 85,000 people from all over Britain and in some cases worldwide, to Fife, Scotland, the festival has become: ‘One of the most important and critically acclaimed music events on the international festival circuit.’ The festival has been televised on BBC and footage of the festival includes shots of the backdrop landscape of Kinross and Fife regions. Promoting Scottish Nationalism and Tourism with Music in Sports Branding Branded produce from Scotland provided the tourism sector with an indirect source of advertising the heritage and culture of Scotland during the 1990s. Many advertising campaigns were televised; in particular for the alcohol industry, which used iconic songs synced with images of rural and urban Scottish landscapes which helped create an escapist image of Scotland. An example of this would be Tennents’ Lager, who used Dougie Maclean’s song Caledonia against the imagery of a grimy busy city with arrogant people compared to the contrasting escapist, social, warm and friendly atmosphere of a public house in Edinburgh The sense of nationalism and pride in the cultural diversity in Scotland went from strength to strength in the early 1990s. Scotland celebrated a period of excellence in sport on a global scale which also helped boost the number of visitors to the country. Although Scotland’s national football team failed to advance through the group stages of all the World Cup tournaments in the 1990s including Italy, USA and France respectively, Scotland’s national Rugby team celebrated international success, beating England 13-7 in the 1990 Five Nations Grand Slam. This event penned The Corries lament: ‘Flower of Scotland’ as the unofficial national anthem of Scotland, boosting the national pride and identity and has been used ever since at most sporting events. The song was written to: ‘Kindle a new awareness of what is being lost and what can be regained. Scotland’s resistance, not its defeat is stressed here.’ Another notable use of Scottish music for advertising Scottish Tourism is the 1997 television campaign which used The Silencers version of Wild Mountain Thyme, which is a traditional piece of music popularised by the particular advert which featured iconic scenes of Scotland’s rural landscapes, castles and activities such as travel, surfing and walking. The advert quoted Scottish Poet Norman MacCaig who wrote about Scotland: ‘Only mens minds could have unmapped into abstraction such a territory.’ Another song of note which relates to a worldwide audience and captures the picturesque imagery of Scottish landscapes would be Runrig’s version of the traditional Scots Lament; ‘Loch Lomond’, which was voted as Scotland’s best song by a reader poll in Scottish publication The List in 2008, beating Dignity by Deacon Blue, Caledonia by Dougie MacLean and 500 Miles by the Proclaimers, all of whom are regarded as Scottish Nationalist artists with Pete Wishart, Keyboardist of Runrig being elected as an SNP MP at Westminster in 2001. Conclusion The Future of Scottish Nationalism and Tourism Scotland’s culture and heritage will continue to grow in the tourism spotlight through the commitment of Creative Scotland and its relationship with VisitScotland which is evident from its goals: ‘Creative Scotland’s ambition is to see Scotland as one of the world’s most creative nations by 2020.’ An example of this commitment is apparent as 2012 is the ‘Year of Creative Scotland’ which continues the celebrations of Scottish culture and promotes it to the world through festivals such as the Sound Festival which will be held over October and November and aims to bring visitors to the North East areas of Scotland to enjoy alternative music of Scotland. The internet has increasingly become a major role in the promotion of Scotland’s live music events with internet website; www.visitscotland.co.uk, acting as the information and marketing gateway for prospective visitors to find information, link to external websites such as event homepages and furthermore, purchase event tickets directly with great ease. Glasgow will again become City Of Culture in 2014 and will host the Commonwealth Games and the Ryder Cup, which will be an ideal opportunity for sports and Scottish music to join forces once again.