INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE Essays - Piston Engines,

INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE INTRODUCTION Internal Combustion Engine, a heat engine in which the fuel is burned ( that is, united with oxygen ) within the confining space of the engine itself. This burning process releases large amounts of energy, which are transformed into work through the mechanism of the engine. This type of engine different from the steam engine, which process with an external combustion engine that fuel burned apart from the engine. The principal types of internal combustion engine are : reciprocating engine such as Otto-engine, and Diesel engines ; and rotary engines, such as the Wankel engine and the Gas-turbine engine. In general, the internal combustion engine has become the means of propulsion in the transportation field, with the exception of large ships requiring over 4,000 shaft horsepower ( hp). In stationary applications, size of unit and local factor often determine the choice between the use of steam and diesel engine. Diesel power plants have a distinct economic advantage over steam engine when size of the plant is under about 1,000 hp. However there are many diesel engine plants much large than this. Internal combustion engines are particularly appropriate for seasonal industries, because of the small standby losses with these engines during the shutdown period. History The first experimental internal combustion engine was made by a Dutch astronomer, Christian Huygens, who, in 1680, applied a principle advanced by Jean de Hautefeuille in 1678 for drawing water. This principle was based on the fact that the explosion of a small amount of gunpowder in a closed chamber provided with escape valves would create a vacuum when the gases of combustion cooled. Huygens, using a cylinder containing a piston, was able to move it in this manner by the external atmospheric pressure. The first commercially practical internal combustion engine was built by a French engineer, ( Jean Joseph ) Etienne Lenoir, about 1859-1860. It used illuminating gas as fuel. Two years later, Alphonse Beau de Rochas enunciated the principles of the four-stroke cycle, but Nickolaus August Otto built the first successful engine ( 1876 ) operating on this principle. Reciprocating Engine Components of Engines The essential parts of Otto-cycle and diesel engines are the same. The combustion chamber consists of a cylinder, usually fixed, which is closed at one end and in which a close-fitting piston slides. The in-and-out motion of the piston varies the volume of the chamber between the inner face of the piston and the closed end of the cylinder. The outer face of the piston is attached to a crankshaft by a connecting rod. The crankshaft transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion. In multi-cylindered engines the crankshaft has one offset portion, called a crankpin, for each connecting rod, so that the power from each cylinder is applied to the crankshaft at the appropriate point in its rotation. Crankshafts have heavy flywheels and counterweights, which by their inertia minimize irregularity in the motion of the shaft. An engine may have from 1 to as many as 28 cylinders. Fig. 1, Component of Piston Engines. The fuel supply system of an internal-combustion engine consists of a tank, a fuel pump, and a device for vaporizing or atomizing the liquid fuel. In Otto-cycle engines this device is a carburetor. The vaporized fuel in most multi-cylindered engines is conveyed to the cylinders through a branched pipe called the intake manifold and, in many engines, a similar exhaust manifold is provided to carry off the gases produced by combustion. The fuel is admitted to each cylinder and the waste gases exhausted through mechanically operated poppet valves or sleeve valves. The valves are normally held closed by the pressure of springs and are opened at the proper time during the operating cycle by cams on a rotating camshaft that is geared to the crankshaft . By the 1980s more sophisticated fuel-injection systems, also used in diesel engines, had largely replaced this traditional method of supplying the proper mix of air and fuel; computer-controlled monitoring systems improved fu! el economy and reduced pollution. Ignition In all engines some means of igniting the fuel in the cylinder must be provided. For example, the ignition system of Otto-cycle engines , the mixture of air and gasoline vapor delivered to the cylinder from the carburetor

Sample Criminal Law Essay Examples

Sample Criminal Law Essay ExamplesIn the course of preparing a sample criminal law essay for your future education, it is good to know that there are so many different types of essays that a prospective student can choose from. Your particular purpose in writing one is not as important as the type of essay you should be writing. A well-written essay will accomplish what you need it to accomplish.The first type of essay you should consider is an oral history essay. This is where you use the written word to tell your story and how you became involved in this activity. It may be your best bet to consult with someone experienced in this type of writing before attempting it. As stated above, you do not have to write an essay just for this purpose.The second type of essay you can use to prepare for your criminal law research and writing is a 'case study' essay. This is when you use the stories of other people who have faced the same situation that you are facing. They may share their stori es with you, or you can gather their experiences from different sources.Another type of essay that you can use in preparing for your criminal law research and writing is an interview essay. This is similar to an oral history essay except that you are asking the person you are interviewing for their perspective on the situation at hand. Many times you can get an inside view of the problem you are facing by asking the person you are interviewing for their advice and insight.The third type of essay you should prepare for your criminal law research and writing is a policy or case study essay. This involves using case studies, constitutional principles, and legal principles to discuss an issue, as opposed to a 'statement of fact.' There are some examples of this type of essay that you can write that will be useful in college applications. It is also one way you can get the attention of admissions officers. The fourth type of essay you should consider is an 'explanatory essay.' This is an essay that takes a portion of a legal document and uses the words you have written to explain why you believe what you are saying. It is something that can come in handy in your future career.The fifth type of essay you should consider preparing for your criminal law research and writing is a persuasive essay. It is a great way to tell the reader that they should change their mind. Usually in an essay like this you can also include citations to research.You should write your own essay if you want to prepare for your criminal law research and writing. The examples listed above are just a few of the different types of essays, you can write. Be sure to read samples of others' essays and select those you think are most appropriate for your needs. With a little time and effort, you will be well on your way to writing a winning essay.