INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE Essays - Piston Engines,

INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE INTRODUCTION Internal Combustion Engine, a heat engine in which the fuel is burned ( that is, united with oxygen ) within the confining space of the engine itself. This burning process releases large amounts of energy, which are transformed into work through the mechanism of the engine. This type of engine different from the steam engine, which process with an external combustion engine that fuel burned apart from the engine. The principal types of internal combustion engine are : reciprocating engine such as Otto-engine, and Diesel engines ; and rotary engines, such as the Wankel engine and the Gas-turbine engine. In general, the internal combustion engine has become the means of propulsion in the transportation field, with the exception of large ships requiring over 4,000 shaft horsepower ( hp). In stationary applications, size of unit and local factor often determine the choice between the use of steam and diesel engine. Diesel power plants have a distinct economic advantage over steam engine when size of the plant is under about 1,000 hp. However there are many diesel engine plants much large than this. Internal combustion engines are particularly appropriate for seasonal industries, because of the small standby losses with these engines during the shutdown period. History The first experimental internal combustion engine was made by a Dutch astronomer, Christian Huygens, who, in 1680, applied a principle advanced by Jean de Hautefeuille in 1678 for drawing water. This principle was based on the fact that the explosion of a small amount of gunpowder in a closed chamber provided with escape valves would create a vacuum when the gases of combustion cooled. Huygens, using a cylinder containing a piston, was able to move it in this manner by the external atmospheric pressure. The first commercially practical internal combustion engine was built by a French engineer, ( Jean Joseph ) Etienne Lenoir, about 1859-1860. It used illuminating gas as fuel. Two years later, Alphonse Beau de Rochas enunciated the principles of the four-stroke cycle, but Nickolaus August Otto built the first successful engine ( 1876 ) operating on this principle. Reciprocating Engine Components of Engines The essential parts of Otto-cycle and diesel engines are the same. The combustion chamber consists of a cylinder, usually fixed, which is closed at one end and in which a close-fitting piston slides. The in-and-out motion of the piston varies the volume of the chamber between the inner face of the piston and the closed end of the cylinder. The outer face of the piston is attached to a crankshaft by a connecting rod. The crankshaft transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion. In multi-cylindered engines the crankshaft has one offset portion, called a crankpin, for each connecting rod, so that the power from each cylinder is applied to the crankshaft at the appropriate point in its rotation. Crankshafts have heavy flywheels and counterweights, which by their inertia minimize irregularity in the motion of the shaft. An engine may have from 1 to as many as 28 cylinders. Fig. 1, Component of Piston Engines. The fuel supply system of an internal-combustion engine consists of a tank, a fuel pump, and a device for vaporizing or atomizing the liquid fuel. In Otto-cycle engines this device is a carburetor. The vaporized fuel in most multi-cylindered engines is conveyed to the cylinders through a branched pipe called the intake manifold and, in many engines, a similar exhaust manifold is provided to carry off the gases produced by combustion. The fuel is admitted to each cylinder and the waste gases exhausted through mechanically operated poppet valves or sleeve valves. The valves are normally held closed by the pressure of springs and are opened at the proper time during the operating cycle by cams on a rotating camshaft that is geared to the crankshaft . By the 1980s more sophisticated fuel-injection systems, also used in diesel engines, had largely replaced this traditional method of supplying the proper mix of air and fuel; computer-controlled monitoring systems improved fu! el economy and reduced pollution. Ignition In all engines some means of igniting the fuel in the cylinder must be provided. For example, the ignition system of Otto-cycle engines , the mixture of air and gasoline vapor delivered to the cylinder from the carburetor

Sample Criminal Law Essay Examples

Sample Criminal Law Essay ExamplesIn the course of preparing a sample criminal law essay for your future education, it is good to know that there are so many different types of essays that a prospective student can choose from. Your particular purpose in writing one is not as important as the type of essay you should be writing. A well-written essay will accomplish what you need it to accomplish.The first type of essay you should consider is an oral history essay. This is where you use the written word to tell your story and how you became involved in this activity. It may be your best bet to consult with someone experienced in this type of writing before attempting it. As stated above, you do not have to write an essay just for this purpose.The second type of essay you can use to prepare for your criminal law research and writing is a 'case study' essay. This is when you use the stories of other people who have faced the same situation that you are facing. They may share their stori es with you, or you can gather their experiences from different sources.Another type of essay that you can use in preparing for your criminal law research and writing is an interview essay. This is similar to an oral history essay except that you are asking the person you are interviewing for their perspective on the situation at hand. Many times you can get an inside view of the problem you are facing by asking the person you are interviewing for their advice and insight.The third type of essay you should prepare for your criminal law research and writing is a policy or case study essay. This involves using case studies, constitutional principles, and legal principles to discuss an issue, as opposed to a 'statement of fact.' There are some examples of this type of essay that you can write that will be useful in college applications. It is also one way you can get the attention of admissions officers. The fourth type of essay you should consider is an 'explanatory essay.' This is an essay that takes a portion of a legal document and uses the words you have written to explain why you believe what you are saying. It is something that can come in handy in your future career.The fifth type of essay you should consider preparing for your criminal law research and writing is a persuasive essay. It is a great way to tell the reader that they should change their mind. Usually in an essay like this you can also include citations to research.You should write your own essay if you want to prepare for your criminal law research and writing. The examples listed above are just a few of the different types of essays, you can write. Be sure to read samples of others' essays and select those you think are most appropriate for your needs. With a little time and effort, you will be well on your way to writing a winning essay.

Caspian Construction PLC Security Management

Caspian Construction PLC Security Management Twenty-Four Hour Security Management Site security is one of the fundamental aspects, which must be given first priority in the event that a construction expects to undertake any assigned project work in a timely, as well as less costly manner. In every construction site, the term security has a wide range of meanings. It may refer to the safety of the workers who are on the site in terms of enjoying an accident free environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Caspian Construction PLC Security Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Security can also refer to the undertaking of loss control through the prevention of equipment theft. In most of the Venezuelan construction sites, contractors incur big losses as a result of equipment theft. Even though insurance firms offset some of the financial costs, the contractor settles most of the uninsured costs. The runway construction will entail a wide range of equipment along with a diverse workforce and thus it will be of great essence to put in place vibrant security measures (Fay, 2011). Contractors with insufficient security management remain to be theft targets. The security personnel should address all issues leading to both tool, as well as, equipment theft. In most of the scenarios, the profitability of a construction company highly relies on the ability to prevent theft losses effectively. An effective construction-site security requires good planning along with programming. Runway construction involves the use of construction material along with equipment of high value and thus it is vital to prevent them from being stolen. Secure equipment automatically leads to secure business. Equipment theft is associated with various potential sources. However, the two principal sources are the workers on the site along with the general public who visit the site as the construction work continues. Caspian Construction PLC has to implement various me asures to succeed in maintaining a twenty-four hour security operation within the Venezuelan site. In the first place, it will be of great essence to establish methods of getting early warning signs while undertaking construction site monitoring. It is highly unlikely that thieves or vandals will forewarn anyone about their intention to carry out theft on a certain place. Nevertheless, it is important to note that there are various techniques that could be used by a security manager in order to acquire information concerning a planned theft (Sennewald, 2011). This could be through early warning messages. For instance, using Google alerts, one can get aware of the string of thefts taking place within the neighborhood and thus tighten vigilance within the site.Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other measure, which will be put into consideration, is ensuring that th e security lighting within the construction site is at acceptable standards. Lighting brings down construction site theft because it discourages prowlers. In addition, adequate lighting assists those assigned the duty of monitoring the site in identifying the suspicious activities. It has been established that intruders will tend to target the poorly lit areas. Therefore, before the construction materials along with equipment are brought to the site, security lights should be positioned in various points within the site. It is always recommended to make use of white light because it is considerably bright. White light is also helpful in making a clear color differentiation, thereby facilitating the identification and reading of license plates. Even though the white lights are expense to maintain lit; they are worth the price. In accordance to the basic thumb rule, the white light can assist the security personnel to identify a certain face, which is approximately thirty feet away. I t is also essential to make it certain that the power sources within the site are protected. Thieves always attempt to interfere with the power source prior to carrying out their agenda. It is therefore advisable to have a well-secured private power source for the purposes of the security lighting. Daytime security should no be taken for granted. In most of the construction sites, the security managers tend to overlook daytime security issues. In this regard, it is essential to formulate security questions, which will be applied within the field. Moreover, it might be essential to request all the site workers to remain dressed in a set standard uniform while undertaking their daily duties (Fay, 2011). This might seem insignificant but it makes the identification of unauthorized â€Å"visitors† easier. In respect to the security questions, the on-site staff should be trained on formulating strong lined questions, which might assist them in identifying unauthorized persons with in the site. For instance, instead of asking an individual whether he or she works within the site, the crew should inquire from the individual whomever he or she works for within the site. This is due to the fact that a construction of this magnitude will entail a number of sub-contractors and some invaders may hide their identity behind the sub-contractors’ names.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Caspian Construction PLC Security Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other step will be the development of a pre-job checklist. A checklist will turn out as vital in making better the site security. Within the list, various personnel will be assigned certain security duties. The assignment should be allocated to those who have the required expertise, as well as, experience. Since some of them will have served in the same capacity in the previous projects, they will be requested to dedicate themselves mo re within this project by promising them various incentives. The checklist will also consist of items such as inventory management system, mandatory sign-in register along other documents, which may assist in reducing theft. Consideration will also be made to award gifts to individuals thought to have made the most helpful security tip within a certain time, for instance, per month. The gathering of essential contacts such as police contacts, fir department’s contacts, as well as, neighbors’ contacts will not be overlooked (Sennewald, 2011). Through the use of internet, substantial information about the local contacts of all the individuals mentioned previously will be obtained. The local police will assist in making specifications about the distinct security precautions, which should be made. The aforementioned security measures may not achieve much success in the absence of a strong security fence. Within every site security program, more focus should be directed tow ards the establishment of the perimeter fence as it acts as the site’s defense line. Security fences are fundamental for the protection of tools along with materials. They also assist in bring under control the issue of trespassers. It is only at the presence of a security fence that one can launch a lawsuit on trespassing against any culprits. Therefore, the security fences should satisfy certain characteristics. The security fences should be high such that they cannot be climbed. Moreover, high fences play the role of psychological deterrent. Trespassers along with â€Å"impulse† vandals get discouraged upon coming across high fences. It is also important to ensure that the number of gates within the security fence is brought to the minimum. In the event that the access gates are numerous, the more vulnerable is the security detail. The gates should also be narrow enough to allow the entry of emergency vehicles.Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It will also be necessary to conduct an analysis of the security needs of that specific site. The analysis will entail of reviewing the crime rate within the area. This is due to the fact most of the site theft is always organized from within (Fay, 2011). In addition, while conducting the security analysis, safety zones will be identified within which the stores along with car park will be located. There are other rules along with regulations, which will be passed to all the workers prior to the commencement of the project. The staff will also be informed about the reporting procedures to be followed in case they discover cases related to equipment theft. It is unethical to wait for a certain theft incident to take place to establish the reporting procedures. In the course of the working hours, all the equipment should remain locked, as well as, immobilized. Anti-theft devices will be attached on various equipments such as steering-wheel locks, locked fuel caps along with some more others. Where possible, all the equipment within the site should remain securely locked once not in operation. It will also be essential to install an alarm system within the site. Moreover, all the major equipments along with site vehicles should be protected by an alarm system (Sennewald, 2011). Alarm systems will always send warning signals to the security personnel in the event that thieves strike. In order to ensure that everything within the site is well monitored; surveillance cameras will also be installed within various areas along with main stores within the site. Basically, it is only with commitment that it is possible to prevent theft effectively. In the event that not all the employees are enlightened about the essence of prioritizing theft prevention, all the formulated theft policies will be bound to fail. All workers along with their supervisors will be held accountable in playing their assigned role within the theft-prevention program. Proper communication channels will be established to ensure that all the workers, as well as sub contractors have all the required information related to security matters. Benefits and shortfalls of making use of local security personnel It is always vital to make use of the local residents or security companies in the provision of security services. Given that the project is being carried out within an area whereby the company management is not conversant with the security situation, securing the services of a local security agency is well advised. The local security firm will have an upper hand in offering efficient security services because it understands better the security needs of the area. Moreover, in relation to the social constructivism theory, cultural understanding is essential in the establishment of practical security system. Even though security issues are currently approached with a global perspective, the local security aspects cannot be overlooked. Moreover, the local security firms will have already established good relationships with the local police such that they can offer them any kind of assistance they may require. Making use of local security firms will also establish good public relations of the Caspian Construction PLC with local companies. It is essential that multi-national companies dish out some contracts in form of sub-contracts to the local firms within which they are carrying out a given project. The locals will be even more ready to cooperate with the company because they are offering them employment. Moreover, in relation to the chaos theory, it is only the local security firm, which can comprehend well the prevailing security conditions. Even though much information can be obtained online regarding the security situation within Venezuela along with the crime rate within the earmarked site area, the information may not be adequate to formulate effective security policies. In addition, the locals are well equipped with the local security laws and thus w hen they need to initiate lawsuits against other parties; they will take up the assignment with a lot of ease. The chaos theory is mostly based on the visual ‘butter fly effect’ whereby underestimated aspects can bring about unforeseeable effects. While the idea of contracting local security agency may seem small, it can help much in mitigating various security issues. It is the local firm, which is well informed with the various forces, which can trigger security instability within the construction site. Putting into consideration the contract involves runway construction within an airport; matters concerning security will be highly prioritized. Airports are sensitive areas and a slack in the security detail can put at stake the lives of numerous individuals (Fay, 2011). The contracted local security firm will be more dedicated in protecting its fellow citizens against any form of attack, which can be targeted to the airport as a result of the on-going construction wor k. Moreover, the local security firm will also be well placed in communicating with the local stakeholders in regard to offering other types of support to the project. Given that they understand Venezuela better than the Caspian Construction PLC management, they will offer suitable advice on the local firms, which should be assigned various sub-contracting jobs. Sub-contracts should be offered to reputable firms. In the event that the sub-contracts are assigned to unworthy companies, the security within the construction site may be at stake. Malicious sub contractors can even organize theft within the construction site. Information provided by various companies within their websites may not be the most appropriate for establishing their actual capacities (Sennewald, 2011). Some firms in the endeavour of expanding their client base post misleading information within their websites. It will also be less expensive to make use of local security firms. These firms will be well informed a bout the various costs which they have to pay for various security equipments such as surveillance cameras. The local companies may attempt to fleece Caspian Construction PLC in the event that they attempt to purchase such equipment by themselves. Caspian being an international company, majority of the local firms may be more concerned with taking advantage of the firm. However, making use of local security firms will be quite helpful in resolving such contracting obstacles. Moreover, the contract to undertake the runway construction was most likely awarded by the Venezuelan government. The government will therefore be highly impressed to have local companies involved in the project because that will be a form of supporting local Venezuela business. Besides, it will be a good gesture by the company, as it will show commitment in investing in the country’s local economy. Awarding the security provision contract to a local company will also assist Caspian Construction PLC in re ducing the administration workload. This is due to the fact that the company management will not be involved in the recruitment, as well as, supervision of security personnel. It will be the duty of the contracted local firm to carry out all the duties concerning the provision of security within the site. In addition, outsourcing security services increases the reliability of the security team (Fay, 2011). Given that the contracted firm is strictly involved with the provision of security services, its personnel will obviously be well trained and in possession of the desired experience. Moreover, in case the need to replace the security personnel emerges, the local firm will be in a position to undertake that duty immediately without major constraints. On the contrary, in the event that Caspian Construction PLC decides to manage its security workforce, it may face staffing problems given that they are operating in a foreign land. In case emergency cases emerge which require extra sec urity staff, the local firm will be capable of meeting that requirement. The security needs within the site will not remain constant through out the construction period, as time progresses, there may be the need to trim down the security personnel. The local security firm will accomplish that without making the personnel redundant because they will be posted to other stations. Besides, Caspian Construction PLC may not be in a position to retain the security personnel after the completion of the project. Nevertheless, in the course of contracting the local firm, it is advisable to evaluate the company’s reputation along with efficiency. Even though there are numerous advantages associated with the contracting of local firms for the provision of security services, there are also several disadvantages linked to such a step. The procedures of the security firm may not be suitable for the Caspian Construction PLC. The local firm may indulge in certain work ethics which may not be acceptable within the Caspian Construction PLC. The local firm may take security issues with much unnecessary concern. The local security firm may also end up being sued for using unnecessary force in scenarios which did not require such forces. In the event that the firm is charged within the local courts for causing unnecessary harm on suspected vandals, disagreements may emerge on the firm which is supposed to take responsibility. In other cases, the costs of sub-contacting a local security firm may be considerably high than employing such personnel directly. The sub-contracted firms will cite various management issues to justify their exorbitant costs. The other disadvantage is that the contracted security firm may have poorly trained security personnel. This will lead to making the construction firm even more vulnerable to incidents of theft. As mentioned earlier, most of the on-site thefts are masterminded by the workforce present in the site (Sennewald, 2011). The contracted security firm personnel may not integrate well with the Caspian Construction PLC employees. Due to the poor relations between the security personnel with the other workforce on the site, it will be easier to plan equipment or even material theft. The loyalty of the local firm’s employees may also be questionable. Given that any equipment loss will not affect them directly, they may even abet in organizing equipment theft with willing parties. Moreover, unfaithful security personnel can also take part in offering security information which is supposed to remain confidential to outsiders. Seeking the services of another firm to deal with security issue may impact negatively on the relationship of the construction firm employees with their management. The employees may get the false impression that the company management does not trust them. In the effort to prove that such a measure was not worthwhile, these employees may organize equipment, as well as, material theft so that t he sub-contracted firm may turn out as ineffective. In the event that equipment loss takes place, the sub-contracted security firm may object taking up responsibility. This may lead to unnecessary costs as the Caspian Construction PLC may be forced to launch lawsuits against the firm. Besides, the insurance companies can also deny compensating for the lost equipment on the excuse that the company had passed the responsibility of taking care of its assets to another firm. To overcome all these shortcomings, prior to warding the contract to a certain firm, it will be necessary to evaluate the company’s policies. Construction equipments are highly expensive and thus the hired security should have a good history in the security field. Besides, the company should be in a good financial position such that it can meet the costs of establishing vibrant security systems, which in most cases prove to be costly. Reference List Fay, J., 2011. Contemporary security management. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Sennewald, C. A., 2011. Effective security management. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Persuasive Essay on Adopting a Dog

Persuasive Essay on Adopting a Dog Persuasive Essay on Adopting a Dog There are numerous reasons why one should make the wise decision to adopt a dog, the first of which is that one gets to save a life by choosing to adopt a dog. In the United States of America only, more than two million dogs are available for adoption on a yearly basis. The main reason why so many dogs are available for adoption is there are many individuals who give up their pets to animal shelters, and the number of individuals who go to shelters to adopt a dog is small. Unfortunately, many animal shelters do not have enough space to house the pets comfortably and sometimes do not even have enough resources to take care of the pets. These reasons sometimes push animal shelters to tight corners and cause them to eliminate some of the pets that have not been adopted. If more people came up and adopted the dogs, fewer animals would be eliminated or tortured by those who adopt them for weird reasons. The other reason why one should adopt a dog is that when one adopts a dog from an animal shelter, he or she not only gets to save money but also gets to adopt healthy dogs. There is a common misconception that animals found in animal shelters usually have something wrong with them. The fact is there are numerous reasons that may make one give up a pet to an animal shelter. However, this is not necessarily because the animal is injured or has a certain fault. Animal rescue centers usually concentrate on bringing up animals in the healthiest way that they can to make it easy for one to adopt a dog, should one choose to take the dog home. The shelters also regularly examine the pets and vaccinate them accordingly and regularly, and they pay close attention to the pets to ensure they are in their best health. In relation to cost, it is usually much cheaper to purchase a pet from an animal rescue center than it is to purchase a pet from a pet store or any other store. Another important reason why one should adopt a dog for a pet is that pets have been shown to improve the mood of their owners. Instead of feeling lonely and moody, one should adopt a dog because the dog will give the owner unconditional love and therefore help one to psychologically feel better. Dogs are also great when it comes to improving the physical health of their owners. Scientists have shown that spending time with one’s dog can significantly lower one’s blood pressure and lower one’s cholesterol levels. Activities such as walking the dog or even grooming the pet provide the owner with physical activity, which in turn can help the individual strengthen the heart and bone tissues. Simply stated, dogs are not just pets but are beneficial in many ways. Tips on writing a persuasive essay about Adopting a Dog: 1. Define what audience your essay is directed to; whether most of your audience. 2. Make sure your argument is definite. 3. Research your topic about adopting a dog well. To make your claim stronger, your arguments should be clear and supported be real examples. You can easily buy an essay online from experts at . You will get a superior-quality custom persuasive essay written from scratch!

PMI and factors for problems solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PMI and factors for problems solving - Essay Example To solve this problem, PMI needs to address the basic issue of illegal selling and must attempt to make fundamental changes in the way it does its business. It is imperative that therefore the best solution for PMI would be to re-assess its selling strategy in order to align it with the market. Market trends are clearly showing a very diverging view as in comparison to PMI's current strategy therefore a complete revamp of its strategies including further refinements in its segmentation as well as supply chain management. This will allow PMI to be successful because it will re-focus its strategy on aligning it with external reality as well as it will allow PMI to further refine its internal strengths to meet external threats. From the facts provided in case study, it seems that eBay is battling on many grounds especially on ensuring secure, transparent and ethical trade. Since eBay is a unique business model where it earns its revenue by performing the role of an intermediary therefore it somehow kept itself protected from the disputes arising out due to fraudulent and illegal transactions using eBay as a channel. Since eBay has not transformed itself into a global company therefore the immediate groups of people who have a role to play as a response to eBay's problems are the buyers and sellers

Analytical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Analytical - Essay Example Is media, too, entitled to change its view from ethical to business oriented? While, we cannot take the huge task of judging the media across the world, we will be focusing on the Australian media scenario, learning form the facts, analyzing a few media channels and coming to a conclusion – Is the contemporary Australian media following in the wheels of entertainment more than education? While the question, indeed, is big, the discovery towards the conclusion will prove to be startling nevertheless. One of the presets of any education in media explains its students that the first and foremost task and responsibility of media towards the viewers is to â€Å"inform.† However, are these precepts only a part of the necessary and age old course material, or do these young students really do follow these in real lives becomes of question. Several nations have seen a change in their media trends. Australia, too, cannot ignore the changes that have come about in the media scenario. Be it broadcast or the print media, the changes that have come about are inevitable. However, are these changes absolutely necessary, is the big question. Several researches have been conducted and several journals and news stations monitored. The results of all have come to the same thing – the Australian media is, indeed, giving in to the pressure of the monies and becoming increasing more business oriented than any other time earlier. While we have explained that media is changing the scenario, how is it that we reached the conclusion? The same is cited here. The Australian media is enjoying what is called as the complete â€Å"editorial freedom and freedom of speech and expression† like no other media in any democracy across the world. Despite the freedom that the journalists and media exercise, the journalists are often blamed by the citizens and masses in general that they abuse the power that they have been asserted with. Even when the Princess Diana

Essay --

Colin Green HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE IN THE INTERANTIONL LABOUR ORANIZATION (ILO): INDONESIA A. Given the poor working conditions in Indonesia and other countries around the world, health and safety in the workplace has always been an important issue for the International Labour Organization. Poor working conditions continue to threaten the lives of millions of people every year. Every day approximately 6,000 workers lose their lives as a result of accidents in the workplace (Safety and Health at work in Indonesia). A safe and positive work environment is essential for a productive work area or company. Despite efforts to increase safety in the work place, annually, over 430 million people suffer injuries or illness due to working conditions (Safety and Health at work in Indonesia). Human and gender equality rights activists hope to reduce the number of minorities and women working in unhealthy and unsafe workplaces as well as reduce the number of hazardous working environments. Many third world countries such as Indonesia are made up of a low skilled labor force an...